Citation Needed - Poisoned Booze

Episode Date: December 27, 2023

Several stories including: In 1927, most of the industrial alcohol in the United States had been poisoned under the order of the government.[9] The government had created a blend that contended with the bootleggers’ chemists.

Hello and welcome, the citation needed. Podcast will be chosen subject through a single article about it on Wikipedia and pretend we're experts. Because this is the internet, and that's how it works now. I'm Heath, I'll be hosting this episode about poisoning my favorite healthy snack, which is terrifying. And I'm joined by two guys who won't choose the wine in front of anyone, a guy who already drank both, and a guy who already drank both,

and a guy who figures out the riddle with something Sicilian reasoning. You know what I'm talking about? And Cecil. If it can't be frappuccinoed, how delicious a beverage can it be, Heath, that's all I ask. Yeah, right, like why would I acquire a taste when other stuff already tastes good?

It just doesn't make any fucking sense. The idea that I wasn't going to down both glasses was simply in parentheses. Inconceib, I was going to say that, but he said it first. But you wrote it into the notes first and then that's what matters. All right. Noah, what person-place thing concept phenomenon or event?

Are we going to be talking about today? Today we're going to be talking about poisoned alcohol. Again, terrifying. And why did you put this on? Because after he's worse than Nightmare, he's running around high school naked with poison alcohol, right? It's poison alcohol and getting shot out of planes. He has the worst job when it comes to this.

Let me tell you. Well, so no, I picked this one because a friend of mine who listens to the show kept sending me these awesome wikis about it. And I figured if I didn't time together into an essay, she did on all that like work for nothing. So huge thanks to Ashley for making this episode happen. Yeah, thanks, Ashley. Love it. My friends won't even listen to the show.

All right. Well, not sure how to phrase the opening question. So what is poison alcohol? Well, it's actually a great way to phrase it because, yeah, alcohol is a poison, right? So this could have just been a smarmy way to title that episode on the history of booze in general. But no, the subcategory I want to talk to you about this week is what happens when extra poison gets mixed in with the normal recreational amounts of poison

that we all know and love. Of course, last night, disappoint fans of my essay style by getting directly to the point, we should probably start off by talking about alcohol poisoning in general. So alcohol poisoning is a euphemism for too much alcohol poisoning. I couldn't find any clinical distinction where like really fucking drunk formally crosses over to alcohol poisoning,

but I feel like when it stops being fun for you, you're just really fucking drunk. When it stops being fun for everybody around you, that's when it becomes alcohol poisoning. That's pretty good way to do it. Yeah, I feel like maybe it's the difference between getting a dick drawn on your forehead and hitting your forehead on the pavement. Okay, yeah, that works. We actually did it by drool like, Shes a lot of sugar.

Like an inappropriate volume of drool would be, that's now alcohol. Yeah, no, appropriate volume, so drool or no big deal. Yeah. No, you have to be allowed to have the appropriate amount Sure. Yeah, so anyway, so very serious problem You need to come on everything

Me to death and it's one of those things that's really hard to Google without turning all your Google ads into recovery programs for the next 96 hours We had a you know We Wouldn't go to the Mayo Clinic's website, quote, alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol over short periods of time. They got to add the time to mention here, or he's going to argue with you about the rules. Anyway, it goes up to say, everything. Everything I have the time to mention is, quote, drinking too much too quickly can affect

breathing, heart rate, body temperature and gag reflex. Gaglianning. In some cases, this can lead to coma and death. Imit. No. Really? No.

And the point is, that's what alcohol does when it's working the way it's supposed to work. The stories I want to share with you are about when trying to imply that stuff gets dangerous. I feel like there are positives to altering the gag reflex, not being rooted a potluck, for instance. Sure, that's not the most I thought of, but yeah, there's that. So okay, so we're gonna start our story

in the year 1900 in England, specifically in Manchester. That's right, friend of the show Andy Wilson, this story is about your people. So anyway, in the summer of 1900, several doctors in the Manchester area noticed a marked uptick in alcohol nearitis. That's what it's called then anyway. Nowadays it's called alcoholic polyneuropeathy, I guess. Since our whole thing here is oversimplification,

it'll suffice to say that what we're talking about here is major nerve damage brought on by long-term alcohol abuse. Oh, that's why he can't feel it when we hit him. Ow, yes I can. See, I can feel it. I don't believe you, see? That's right. That's right.

So anyway, so these doctors are seeing an uptick in this, but it's not a huge optic and it's happening to exactly the kind of people you'd expect this kind of shit to happen to. So it takes a while for anybody to sound the alarm. Four months to be exact. Over that four months, at least 66 people in the Manchester area died from either alcoholic neuritis or some other form of chronic alcoholism. And that's contrasted with 22 total deaths

in the seven months prior. So it's a pretty significant increase. So a few doctors start poking around about this, and they notice the fact that you think would have just jumped right out at a motherfucker, the people dying of alcoholism also shared some skin discolorations that you wouldn't normally associate with chronic alcoholism.

And apparently it took multiple doctors, at least some amount of serious investigation before one of them was like, it's weird that they're all the same wrong color, isn't it? Yeah, but it was a lot harder back then though, because it was everything was sepia, so it was really hard. I didn't think about that, you know. Luckily, they were able to notice the reduction in glare compared to the normal English standing in the CPU. So anyway, once they picked up on the discoloration, so Dr. By the name of Ernest Reynolds realized that the only culprit that made any sense was our snake poisoning.

He also noticed that the people affected tended to be beer drinkers rather than liquor or wine drinkers. So he convinced the government to test samples from all the local breweries, and as they suspected, the poison beer was coming from several of them. Eventually, investigators tracked the poison back to its source, a supplier called Bostock and Company that provided invert sugar for beer manufacturer. And apparently this was already a little bit controversial, I guess. So a bunch of breweries had started to shift away from using high quality

barley malt to using low quality malt with a bunch of sugar added into the skies, the shittier ingredients. So besides inadvertently discovering what would soon become the underwriting concept behind the American diet, they also pissed off a bunch of high quality barley malt sellers who helped start a pure beer movement to push back against these new fangled aditives. And that movement got one hell of a shot in the arm when it came out that the thing calls in all these mysterious beer arsenic deaths was the aditives they were replacing their high quality barley malt.

Not their thing. Yeah. Less killing tastes great. That's awesome. One doesn't taste great. It's less killing. That's right. It doesn't really go. You are thing. We've replaced their regular sugar with your arsenic. Let's see. No, son of a bitch. Son of a bitch. Now, for their part, Bostak passed the buck on to one of their suppliers. So they were making this sugar through acid hydrolysis of starch. I don't want to go into all the details of what that means because then I'd have to learn what that means. But to do it, you need sulfuric acid, which Bostock got from a company called Nicholson and Sons.

And normally, Nicholson and Sons would give them sulfuric acid that didn't also contain arsenic. But then suddenly and without warning, they started subbing in stuff that had Bostock and Bostock and turned sued Nicholson and Sons. At Nicholson pointed out in court that Bostek never told him what they were doing with the sulfuric acid and they argued that they would have given them arsenic-free stuff if they'd just asked for it. Bostek rebudded that when the fuck did anybody ever have to ask for the arsenic-free form of anything? Right? I feel like you just logically assume everything you buy is arsenic-free unless you're in the habit of buying arsenic What the fuck do I know?

Because the judge cited with Nicholson and sons. Hey, we get an arsenic free case of course. Yeah, right. Is that what we're doing, right? Yeah, so they eventually they were ordered to refund Bostock for all the sulfuric acid They sold that had arsenic in it, but they didn't have to pay any damage for destroying their reputation and putting them out of business. Okay, feels like the judge needs to ask way more questions.

Yes, right. Like, for example, hey, what's happening in your workflow that your sulfuric acid company bought apparently a giant vat of arsenic on a whim and then they need to get rid of what you're honored. I'll have you know that the supervillains buying our acid for their lowering vats worth real at the free poison.

It's like the Chevy seat warmer thing. I understand. But here's the most fucked up part of the story. Okay, once doctors knew what to look for, they started going back over a bunch of other cases of alcoholic neoritus from the past and realizing that they actually also died of arsenic poisoning. Turned out that there were a bunch of different ways arsenic was getting into beer, but nobody noticed before because when alcoholics died of any kind of nerve damage, doctors instincts

were to say, well, you know, you had that coming and then just move on. In fact, the pure beer movement died when it was discovered that the process for making high quality barley malt was actually way more likely to introduce arsenic than the process for making invert sugar. Just a bunch of ex-hipster pure beer guys just weeping and shaving off their waxed mustaches. They fall with a titillating clonk into the sink. Okay, not for nothing, but making high quality barley malt is just soaking barley in hot water. That's that's all you do. So I guess making arsenic is much easier than I thought.

Yeah, distressingly easy. Now, obviously, once this all came to light at the end of 1900, there was massive government action throughout England to regulate breweries and you're sure that nothing like this could ever happen. Again, I'm kidding. The next time you happen, actually, at a large scale was in Halifax in 1902. 14 people were poisoned by arsenic and three of them died.

The only real change was a dip in beer consumption and Manchester that lasted less than a year. Okay, having party to Manchester, that tracks. Yup, that's right. That's right. Now, for our next instant, we're gonna have to shift eight decades in one time zone to 1985 in Austria.

And to understand this, when you have to know a little bit about the German wine industry in the 80s. And if you thought I had trouble with leptons, Jesus. Anyway, so apparently there's a measurement of wine sweetness called a product cut number. And I know I miss pronounce that because there's an umla over the first A, which is a diacritical mark that basically means there is no chance of accidentally pronouncing this word correctly. The higher the product cut number, the sweeter the wine. And apparently people in Germany were all about sweet wines at the time.

Hitler, darkest time in their history. She's the one. Oh, great. Yeah. Gross. At least Hitler was into a Bordeaux and fucking Burgundy when they found his falcon's nester, whatever. Gross. What are we? Missed pronounce a word with the fancy mark on it.

One of our listeners will write us and be like, uh, guys, it's pray.com, Mark. Like we do. Like all we need is a pronunciation. We don't have problems with sounds. We don't know what the sounds are. Of Of course, wines with a high-protec hot number were more expensive. So German consumers looked to exports. And I should say West German, because we're still a few years shy of the Berlin Walls to Mice. And I don't think that East Germans of the day

were worried about how to get the highest product hot number in their white wines. The point is though, that Austrian wines were just as sweet as their West German equivalents, but significantly less pricey. This led to huge demand for Austrian wine, and that led to a bunch of Austrian wineries signing contracts with German grocery chains guaranteeing wines of X-Protect at number at Y-Price. The thing is though, is that the quality of wine is determined by a whole bunch of factors,

many of which are outside of the wineries control, right? Shit like weather. So with a grape harvest in the early 80s, just didn't go as well as they expected. The wine didn't reach the agreed upon product cotton number. And you weren't allowed to just mix in sugar like it was bad, cool, aid. Oh, no! Don't crash to anything. So the wineries were left looking at, well, either huge financial losses or they had

to fight an illegal adulterant that would sweeten the wine without changing the flavor profile. So they found their adulterant and they found it in antifreeze. Yikes. Okay. And they found it in antifreeze. Yikes. Okay. So, Germany was saying, well, actually, it was Austria, those deaths. I'm skeptical.

Oh, that's wonderful. Wow. We'll take a quick break for some opera-pove, nothing. Greg, you have a second? Yeah, sure, Steve, what's up? So yeah, I'm just, I'm looking over the manifest here for your latest peer shipment and I was hoping maybe you could explain some of these requests. Yeah, yeah, sure. Something wrong?

Oh, not. Something wrong. Oh, not wrong. No, I just, you know, you're the brewer, so maybe you could explain this like, why is Stric Nine? Oh, right, yeah, yeah. I bet that one stuck out at you, didn't it? Well, it sure did.

There's a lot of it, so what is it for? Right, yeah, yeah. No, yeah, the Stric Nine is it for? Right. Yeah. No, yeah. The strict nine, it's for the cobras. Cobras. I'm sorry, the cobras. Yeah.

Yeah, like the snakes. Yeah, yeah, those are right there. But no, I know what a cobras is. Why does the brewing include cobras? Oh, right. Yeah. Well, they actually form a layer over the hops from the lava. So, I'm sorry, the lava?

Oh, right. Yeah, no, it is expensive. I'm, it is the only way to melt the terminator though. You've got to understand that. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, this is ridiculous. Terminators, lava, how hard could make an beer be? You put some money in some water or some shit and you leave it there for a month, right? See now that's the kind of thing that gets people killed Yeah, you know what never mind. Yeah, watch your foot. Uh Cobra every new year

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Yep, that's it. So, yes, the adulterant, though, wineries ultimately landed on was diatholine glycol or DEG, which is a spectacularly deadly chemical that had already caused thousands of deaths in the 50 years or so that it had been in industrial use. Amongst its uses was as an antifreeze, which sounds delicious. But the thing is, it is a very little DEG to sweeten up a bottle of wine less than one 40th of what would be considered a lethal dose. I mean, you know, long-term consumption of it can cause kidney, liver, and brain damage even at super low doses.

But who has time to worry that far into the future, right? I don't want to start the McDonald's coffee fight again, but how much can you complain that there's too much poison in your poison? You have to be allowed to get medium poison Eli. You have to be allowed to get media obviously. Obviously. Yeah, no, real quick. I know you said that they weren't allowed to just use sugar to sweeten the wine, but like they weren't allowed to use any was any free. Nobody was, nobody was testing for anti free. At the moment anyway, I guess they do now. So a bunch of Austrian wineries started doing this shit and they didn't get caught. Right. So they just kept doing it.

Jesus. The first wise to contain the additive were bottled in 1983 at the latest. That's the late, the earliest that we found, but nobody noticed until 1985. It was only then that West German investigators looking into cases of illegal sweetening by wine stores picked up on the D.E.G. And as soon as they started looking for it, they started fighting a lot of it in around the same proportions from several different Austrian wineries. So pretty much right away, they knew they were dealing with a large scale plot. I love that one idiot blew up an international poisoning conspiracy

by advertising himself as a wine liquor and auto zone shop. Okay, lots of people enjoy Chateau Diana, wine food product from the Estelle city line. It's handy that you can get it there. Now unlike the arsenic flavored beer story, nobody died from the industry. It's handy that you can get it there. Now unlike the arsenic flavored beer story, nobody died from this one. I mean, what are the chemists whose idea it was to use D.E.G. killed himself when he realized he was going to be prosecuted for it, but nobody died from actually drinking the poison wine.

But when the story is fucked kind of Austria and wine found to have illegal industrial antifreeze additives. You don't exactly need a body count to stop you from drinking this shit. So obviously, Austrian wine industry absolutely collapsed after all of this. They went from exporting about 45 million liters a year before the story broke to about 4.4 million liters a year after. It's more than a 90% drop in the market. House several countries just straight up outlawed

Austrian wine imports altogether. Yeah, but you could get Austrian brand anti-frees really cheap that super cheap. Also, I just got a love that 10% of those drinkers read about this shit and we're just like, yeah, fuck it, I'll take the Austrian valvillene churras. That sounds Austrian Valvelina Shiraz that sounds right. Hold it up to the light it's got a beautiful green color. It's amazing. So nice. Strangely enough Austrian wine a lot of it is ice wine now and they were using it. I freeze I wonder. It's not working. It's not

working. Right. So if fun side note on this one, by the way, it wasn't just Austrian wineries that got in trouble. So you remember I was telling you that Austrian wines were cheaper than West German ones. Well, that also gave West German wineries a strong incentive to adulterate their wines. And while they didn't stoop to using antifreeze, they did water their wines down with Austrian wine. No, no. Much of which had antifreeze in it.

So when the investigators started checking, there was like a secondary scandal that took down a bunch of West German wineries as well, which is why I only plagiarized the dollop when I rate essays. I make sure. No, of course. As soon as this comes out, authorities all over Europe start confiscating the tainted wines. And that creates a brand new problem.

How do you dispose of it? Again, D.E.G. is crazy deadly and even very small doses, the way that they treated sewage right there back, they wouldn't have been able to take care of it. And the West German government alone wound up with over seven million gallons of this shit. That's 27 million liters, 36 million bottles of wine. Another helpful comparison the Wiki offered, it represents about seven months worth of Austria's entire wine export at pre-scandal levels. Anyway, point is that there's way too much of it to just dump the shit in the sewers without giving the ground water cancer.

So ultimately they landed on using it as a coolant for ovens at cement plants instead of water. In Australia, apparently they actually used their confiscated wines as antifreeze. I thought that joke I made a few minutes earlier was actually absurd. I stand corrected. Sorry. Sorry. Okay. We know asked how are they going to dispose of it. I genuinely thought they were going to end up getting sold in America as like an all in one. Like, you know, like the

parts plus of wine and freeze. Yeah. We to body to show Diana. Now, obviously, what's the soul came to light at the end of 1985, there was massive government action throughout Europe to regulate wineries and ensure that nothing like this could ever happen. Again, I'm kidding. The next time it happened on a large scale was in Italy, the following fucking year, 1986, the culprit in this instance was a different anti-freeze ingredient. It was the dreaded methanol, also known as wood alcohol.

And this wasn't the fault of an accidental ingredient slipping in either. This was a case of at least seven wineries, deciding to put deadly amounts of wood alcohol into wines that would otherwise just be too weak to get your drunk. That's why they did it. At least 18 people would die from what is still the second deadliest case of tainted alcohol in history. Never trust the Sicilian when death is on the wine. It was a hell of a scandal to unravel. I'm really rabbi. Yeah, right. This is a racist segment. I just do it. So

Zinconthievable. There we go. Really? So I can't obviously puns. I can't. So obviously when I end this story by calling it the second worst case ever, I'm sorry. It's four beats. It's bad. But I actually thought of it real time. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. It's four beats. It's bad. All right. We'll stop sure I was in you. And this is all getting cut. It doesn't matter.

Do it seven beats too long. It doesn't matter. I'll kill myself. I'm not joke. I'll shoot myself right in the mouth. You're attempting me more. Thank you. I'll shoot myself right in the mouth. You're attempting me more.

Thank you. All right. All right. So obviously when I end that story by calling it the second worst case over, I am clearly saving the best for last or I'm remembering that the death toll from the other one was 22.

I did do it with different lists. I was working up different lists. But I am saving the worst for last because like the cases in Austrian Italy, this last one is a case of intentionally adulterating alcohol with known poisons, but unlike those stories, this isn't one where the culprit was uncovered by the diligent effort of government employees. Because in this story, the ones that were adulterating the alcohol were government employees, and they

were doing it as a matter of policy. For this last story, we're going to have to rewind our timeline all the hell way back to the days of prohibition. So what are the problems you have to deal with when you try to prohibit alcohol is that alcohol isn't just an anebrian, right? We use alcohol for all kinds of industrial purposes, cleaning purposes, et cetera.

And if you say, okay, alcohol for drinking is illegal, but all the other alcohol is okay. Somebody's just gonna loophole that ship by coming out with a great flavored industrial solvent, sold and red and white varieties, right? So from pretty much the very beginning of prohibition until its very end, government chemists were working on ever better chemical poisons

to adulterate industrial alcohol with. They called it Old Mill Wacky. Yeah, sorry, their thought processes, we got to add poison to this stuff where it might kill people. Yes. Yes. Guys, the cauldron makes it feel evil, right? Like a container, like a regular vat. Well, and here's the thing that they have to have it to make new shit because alcohol and spuddies, they had chemists of their own. So as the government chemists are coming up with new ways to poison alcohol,

the bootleggers are working on new ways to distill those poisons back out. You know, we tend to think of prohibition europeo's early side to coming from like hidden mountain moon shiners or over the Canadian border, but the majority of the illegal trade came from distilled industrial alcohol. So the government decided to mandate toxic additives to pretty much anything ending in the NALL. Now obviously this killed a bunch of motherfuckers, right?

As was the point, ostensibly the idea was that when people started dropping dead from these speakeasy drinks, it would scare more alcoholic straight. Yes, we will leverage the famously logical self protective instincts of alcoholics. Yes, right. Yeah. And when opponents of these policies pointed out the human cost, their concerns were brushed aside because, hey, the victims were breaking the law after all. The point of prohibition was to get rid of America's alcoholics and this

was one way of doing it. Boos lives matter. I'm on fire tonight. Are you guys hearing this on fire? Alcohol lives matter. You know, they're all. They're all. All right. So clearly, Eli's on fire is just heats ambient temperature. There you go. Um, put it. Kelly, I'm F Scott Fitzgerald. But here's the obvious flaw in that reasoning, right? As you have, let's kill them into submission needed a flaw. But consumers of black market liquor couldn't check the fucking label, right? They didn't know whether the booze they were getting came from distilled industrial liquor or from some Canadian distillery that was on the up and up. And by the time people started to learn that distilled industrial stuff might be poisoned,

bootleggers learned to tell them everything was fucking Canadian. Yeah, in my experience, it's really hard to tell the difference in Canadian whiskey and poison. Yeah. Would you get that really nice velvet bath? That's true, right? That's true. That's how they get you.

Now, there is obviously no way of knowing, I don't know, except it is. It's literally poison. It's so bad. So there is obviously no way to know exactly how many people died from this poisoning, the alcohol policy, even to lowest estimates, though, put it well into the thousands. But it's hard to say who died from, just say the, the quinine or the, the methyl alcohol that was added to the denatured alcohol,

and who died from just the denatured alcohol in the first place. And even if you could tease out that specific number, it would pale in comparison to the number of additional people that were blinded or otherwise disabled by the abhorrent policy. Now, obviously, once this all came to light, after prohibition was repealed in 1933, there was massive government reform to make sure that nothing as vicious as this would ever happen again, I'm kidding. The next time it happened was in the 1970s when the US government paid Mexican authorities to spray paracquot all over marijuana.

I absolutely knew that the resulting contamination would obviously poison marijuana smokers. Did you get some of that? No, I'll send you in. Listen, never get it back. No, it'm just gonna listen to every get a bank. No, it's 1970. It's born in 1976. Oh, okay. So maybe.

Yeah. Also, Paracwat, pretty sweet when shortened to QAT. I think it's an alleged Scrabble word. I think that's the first and it's very used. Anyway, if you had to summarize what you've learned in one sentence, what would it be? It's a three-letter. You're not even for not rearranging any letters in this. That's a four-note book.

Look at this. What I learned was one poison to the time people come on. That's that's reasonable, but also know. Are you ready for the quiz? Oh, right. Noah, did you hear? Yes, I'm ready for the quiz. That's my question. I win. All right, Noah, did you hear? Yes, I'm ready for the goods. That's my question, I win.

All right, Noah, did you hear the two good puns I already made in this episode? That's probably fine, right? Me? Mommy Bearest? Is that anything? What? See, alcohol goes to want booze.

D. What are you you doing I'm done? It's definitely D is definitely D. That's good booze booze. I got it now. I got a booze Alright, no lose nerd nobody's ever poisoned peanut butter or bread Why is it only alcohol that gets poison? Hey, have you tasted alcohol? B, seriously, what would you add to malort to make it worse? Nothing. See, Yeagermeister is a real product. D, also absent that is real. E, don't forget Long Island iced tea and F, unlike everyone who drinks Long Island iced tea. Secret answer G, I will probably have a poison bread episode sometime in the future.

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I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean, I mean a punster now. That's my thing. No, you're abstract. I've got this Gerald. Famous punster. That's what they say. I've said that for a long time. No, Temple of Doom. Be Aaron Bachovich or C. Excellent. This is Poison Drink stuff. The name of the Rose.

I'm just a good shit there, but I think the answer is a Shirley Temple of Doom. Right. Cause it's not alcoholic It's a virgin drink. You're right. You want are you sure it wasn't be good one? I feel like it's really a bitch Yeah, but but there's an actual answer See you anyway Yeah, yeah Tom wins somehow too. So Tom's gonna write it in a second.

All right. For Cecil, Noah, Eli and Tom on Heath. Thank you for hanging out with us today. We'll be back next week and Tom will be an expert on something else. Between now and then, you can check out CognitiveDistinance.off of movies, The Skating Atheist, The Skeptocrat, The Indie Minus,

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