Oh What A Time... - Best of OWAT Volume 4

Episode Date: September 8, 2024

It’s the final week of our summer holiday and so it’s the final week of our ‘best of’ specials! This week, you’re lovingly being presented with the following: From #38 Corpses we’ve got the story of the Tollund Man How we got the names for our months/days from #25 Calendars And finally Elizabeth I’d speech at Tilbury from our #48 Speeches episode  We’ll be back imminently! If you'd like to drop us an email while we're away, you can do so at: [e-mail] If you fancy a bunch of OWAT content you’ve never heard before, why not treat yourself and become an Oh What A Time: FULL TIMER? In exchange for your £4.99 per month to support the show, you'll get: - two bonus episodes every month! - ad-free listening - episodes a week ahead of everyone else - And first dibs on any live show tickets Subscriptions are available via AnotherSlice, Apple and Spotify. For all the links head to: ohwhatatime.com You can also follow us on:  X (formerly Twitter) at @ohwhatatimepod And Instagram at @ohwhatatimepod Aaannnd if you like it, why not drop us a review in your podcast app of choice? Thank you to Dan Evans for the artwork (idrawforfood.co.uk). Chris, Elis and Tom x Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

What's 2FA security on Crackin? Let's say I'm captaining my soccer team, and we're up by a goal against, I don't know, the Burlington Bulldogs. Do we relax? No way. Time to create an extra line of defense and protect that lead. That's like 2FA on Cracken.A. on Cracken. A way to keep what you already have, safe and sound. Go to Crackin.com. Cr-a-a-in. Cranc-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in-in to-a-a-a-s-a-s-s-s-s-s-s-s. to-a-s. to-a-a-a-s. the-a-a-s. the-s. the-s. the-a-s. the-s. the bullkkoxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. the-s. the-bo-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a Kraken.com slash legal slash CA-P-RU-Dashback-Dash-Dash-Dash-Dasclam. Disclaimer for info on Kraken's undertaking to register in Canada. I'm going back to University for $0.9 a month. Up to 5% too, everyone wants to be a student. Join for just $4.99 a month. Savings may three, eligibility and member terms apply. Looking for a collaborator for your career, a strong ally to support your next level's success? You will find it at York University School of Continuing Studies,

where we offer career programs purpose built for you. Visit continue. York You.cue. It's a new day. How can you make the most of it with your membership rewards points? Earn points on everyday purchases. Use them for that long-awaited vacation. Points never expire, so use them how you want. That's the powerful backing of American Express. On eligible cards, terms apply. Learn more at MX.CA. Hello and welcome to O'Water Time and welcome to the final part in the trilogy.

It's our summer best of collection and this week we have three parts for you. Do you want to know what they are, Crane? Do I ever? best of collection and this week we have three parts for you. Do you want to know what they are, Crane? Do I ever? We've got the Tolland Man from our corpses episode, number 38. We've got Elizabeth the first speech at Tilbury from the number 48 speeches, and we've also got from our calendars episode right at the start of the year, how we got our names for months and days. That's from number 25.

Oh, that was good. Again, it's another great week. Of course it's another great week. we're picking out all our best of bits. Just a reminder, Ellis is on honeymoon. We've mentioned that over the last couple of weeks. But good news, by the time this comes out, he would be back, the be getting back up to speed ready to release brand new episodes from next week. So this is the end of our summer break. Have you had a good summer break crane? I've had a wonderful summer break but I'm looking forward to getting back into the world

of history proper. Honest. I've missed it. I've missed it. So let's get this out of the way. And then we can really jump back into some horrific stories of waltz and boils from medieval times and how great life was an ancient row. Can't wait. Oh, yes, please. And don't forget, if you're bemoaning the lack of O'Wat a Time content than maybe you haven't heard before, there's plenty to be enjoyed over with an O'Watta Time full-time at subscription. You can go to O'Wat Time. to become a subscriber and you get of all the bonus parts of episodes we did for months and months

is huge. You can get access to that plus loads of bonus episodes plus actually I think as of right now you should be able to subscribe to our first episode on our return because you get episodes a week more often than not to subscribe to all that good stuff go to O'Watertime. to to the time. to to the time. to the to gowaterowater. Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh, what. Oh, what. What. What. What. What. the. What. What. What. Oh, what. What. What. What. the. Oh, the. Oh, what. Oh, the. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh.com. But without further ado, here it is, it's the final week of O'Wat a Time Best Of episodes. Enjoy this week I'll be talking about famous leaders, a lot of them are dictators, around the world whose corpses are on display, and the O'Wat are time full-time as you're getting William the Conqueror's corpse as a little gift. Just be clear you're going to be talking about that as opposed to sending William the Conqueror's corpse to full-time. Okay. I'm going to be talking to you. This is one of my favourite subjects

I've read up on. Corpses is an ancient Rome. It's just absolutely fascinating and mad. Today I am discussing tolland man. Now I first became aware of toll and man in the late 80s. My parents have bought the observer on a Sunday and there was an article about toll and man in the magazine and I was probably eight or nine and I found it absolutely fascinating, mesmerizing and I still find it absolutely fascinating and I told myself before we started recording today that I kind of need to dial down my glee lest it sound like glee because ultimately we are talking about a body, a real person who existed. So on the 8th of May 1950, a pair of peat cutters from the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark

happened across a corpse buried in the ground where they were working. And its state of preservation was so high that they immediately rang the police thinking it it was the victim of a recent murder, but obviously it wasn't. So as the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body the body their their their their their their their their their their their toe, their. toe. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. So, their. their. their. their. their. their. th. the. the. the. the. Wea. thea. thea. Wea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. the. the. the. the. the rang the police thinking it was the victim of a recent murder, but obviously it wasn't. So as the body emerged at the ground, it became clear or did it that something else had caused the individual's death and noose was found around his neck. And when the remains were taken away for analysis, it emerged at the corpse was naked, but he had a little small head cap on and a belt around his waist. The incredible thing is right that Pete has got such amazing preservative qualities that even though the bones, the skeleton, dissolve in the soil because the soil is very acidic, the human skin doesn't. Wow. So he looks, I

mean, it looks really, really real. I think you should both Google image a tollant man. So you can see his face, you can see his hair. It's almost like a bronze statue, isn't it? You can see his closed eyes, his lips. The fact he's got stubble. I mean he hadn't had a shave, it just brings the whole thing to life. You can see the length of his fingers and his toes and toes. And I had a real bog body, because that's what he is. Because there's plenty of these in in in that part of the world in Denmark especially I've had a real bog body phase

because there's more of them so if you just Google bog bodies there's lots of different ones yeah so the Danish police were able to take his fingerprints in 1976 so they're amongst the oldest fingerprints ever accorded most other fingerprints of antiquity were captured from impressions left on bowls or are they eating utensils. Now, this is, I just, you don't want to sound too excited because you don't want to be disrespectful, but they worked out, they can work out what his final meal was. So his final meal was porridge, because they could look in his stomach and they could look at his intestines,

so his final meal was porridge with flaxes, which is what I had for my breakfast this warm. Are you the Tolland Man? I am the Tolland Man. I am the Tolland Man. I am the Tolland Man. I am the tallin man. I have a tallin man. I have a I have a cocoa machine. If you'd have a today. If I'dto eat all of that. Was that a sort of sweet tribute, knowing that you'd be talking about him today? On some level, did you think I'm going to eat what he had? No, I eat porridge, because I'm a health freak, I ate porridge and flax seeds every morning. And when I was doing my research, I was like, oh, oh, I'm thom, oh, oh, oh, I'm, oh, oh, the th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. thi, th. thi, oh, oh, oh, thi, oh, thi, tho, tho, to, or, or, or, or, thi, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, or, th. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No, th. No, th. No. No. No. No. No, th. No, th. No. No, th. No, th. No, th. No, th. No, th. No, to. No, to. No, to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to.. Yeah. So, you know, it's your old fishy porridge. We all love fishy porridge. Yeah. It's your, it's your, it's your, everyone's favorite breakfast. So it was, uh,

the porridge was made of grains that could be stored over winter. Okay. And he was about 40 years of age and he was quite small but they think he might have shrunk in the bog. of Toll and Man or any of the bog bodies and he's one of the best preserved ones he just becomes alive you know you know you can see his fingernails and things and now it's not clear where it's not clear where Tolan Man originally came from so studies have shown that he spent at least the last year of his life living in what we now call Denmark and that he travelled a radius of no more than 20 miles in that time. But there's a lack of evidence from his earlier life. So it makes his point of origin quite inconclusive. But we do understand far more about how and why he died. So most of those who lived in northern Europe in the third, fourth and fifth centuries

BC were cremated after death. Only a small number were ever buried in the bog and those who were tended to be the victims of sacrifice. Now the most recent test on his remains reveal that he died around the turn of the fourth century BC which is about 50 years before the birth of Alexander the Great. That's crazy he is so well preserved I know it's a time line. So it's a belief that he would he had a nooose around his neck the neck the neck the neck the neck the n n n n n n n n n n n- the the the the their their their their. their. their. their. their. their. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. to to to to to to to to be. to be. to to to be. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. to. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. t kind of timeline. So it's a belief that he would have been, well obviously he had a noose around his neck, that that would have been some kind of sacrifice. Well, it seems, it seems that he was sacrificed to gain the favor of the goddess of spring or fertility. So he was, as was first thought, hanged, but because of the ritual involved in his death, his eyes and mouth were closed, hence the absence of terror on his face, because he, because, because, because, because, because culture though and you feel that what is going to happen to you is of a greater importance,

maybe your relationship with that moment and your impending death is different. Oh, absolutely. I don't know whether you're approaching it as almost an honour. Yeah. We've read back there is a sort of historical honour attached to that. I think we looked at some Inca examples in previous episodes. Yeah, I think I'd still probably have a drink beforehand though. Yeah, I think I'd still probably have a weird choice for your final meal though. Because porridge is a sort of meal that keeps you going, isn't it? Is the idea of porridge? Have you got any slow burning carbs? Have the to'n. to to to to to to to to to to to to to to the to to to their their to their to to their to their their toe. their their their their their their their their th. thia to sort sort sort sort sort of to sort of to sort sort sort sort to sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort sort. to to to to to to to to to to their to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to you really need that. Just have a quick release, have some chocolate, I'm a burger. Modern scanning methods have shown that his tongue was descended, which is typical in

that kind of death. So they just know so much about him. Now the body was cut down from its gallows, which almost certainly a tree adapted for this purpose, restored to calm and placed with loads of care in a grave near the water of the bog where the spectators would await the gods claiming they'd do. Amazingly, Toll and Mann is not the only corpse to have been found in the bogs of Europe, so for centuries the bodies of bog people have emerged occasionally, either through active digging in peat or through the process of climate change and several are now preserved in museums, either in Ireland, Britain, Britain, Germany or across Scandinavia. So two years after Tollermann was found, another body emerged from the peat of Jutland on the 26th of April 1952, the best preserved bog person ever found in Denmark. He used to be given the name

Graubalman after the village in either site of his discovery and the story was much the same, is very similar to his more famous to the bogs probably the most famous one. So he'd been placed. In a a a to, to, to, told, told, told, told, told, told, told, told, told, told, told, to to the to to the to to to their, to to to told, to their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, the most famous one. So he'd been placed in the bog with great care on his death. His last meal consisted mainly of porridge, although small bones hinted that meat had been included this time, he was naked. Although this time his hair was long, there was no indication of a skull cap and his fingerprints could be taken. That's incredible isn't it? That's incredible isn't it? That fingerprints can still that's thapapapapapapapapapapap a that fingerprints that fingerprints that fingerprints can still that fingerprints can still th. That's that fingerprints can still still still still still still th. That's the fingerprints can still still still still that's th. That's th. That's th. That's th. that fingerprints can still that fingerprints can still that fingerprints can still thin, thin. that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's th. Hea. Hea. Hea. He? He. He. He. He. He. He's th. He. He's the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the th. thi. thi. thi. thi. thin. thi. thi. thin. thi. thi. thi. thinn' thi. thinn' thi. thi. thi. thi. thaken after this time is just mad. You can see his hair. It's crazy. Wow. And his hair now looks redish, but they reckon it was much darker and it's that the bog has changed the color his hair, because now it looks like he's ginger now, but they don't think that was the hair color he had

when he was alive. So there are distinctions between the two, not least the method of sacrifice and groubleman. So he the the the their their their their their their their their their th. There th. There th. There th. There th. There th is th is th. There are th. There are th. There are th is th is th is th is th is th is tode, today is today is today is today is today is today is thoen, the. the. the. the. the. the is the is the is th. th. th is th. th is th is th is th. th is th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. thiii is thiii. te. te. ta is ta ta ta te. It is today is today is today is today is today today is today today today is was 34 years old at death, so five or six years younger than Tolumann, and he lived around the turn of the third century BC, but his throat had been cut from ear to ear, so it's a far more violent death. His teeth has survived, right? So they can determine, the scientists can determine that he had a poor diet, he'd lost several teeth and he was suffering from severe dental pain at the end of his life, which really brings him to life. Like the guy needed a paracetamol and a trip to the dentist. Yeah. I think in that situation you might be going, if we're going to sacrifice him or just sacrifice me, I've got such a headache. I need root canal. Now these days toleran man and growbal man are on display at Silk Borgue Museum and Moistgard Museum respectively where visitors can come face

to face with corpses that are thousands of years old. Now few have ever seen the preserved remains of bog people whether in the National Museum of Ireland or in Denmark or indeed elsewhere are unmoved by the experience. Because we're used to statues from the ancient world or cases of Egyptian mummies or skeletons, but not the faces of our ancestors. Yes. It's really different. Sheenny wrote, he wrote poems about bog bodies. So he wrote this about Tollumann, someday I will go to Arhus to see his peat brown head, the mild pods of his eyelids, his pointed skin cap... I th th th th tops, I tops, I tops, I to to to to to to to to to to to to Arhos to see his peat-brown head, the mild pods of his eyelids, his pointed skin cap, I will stand a long time, bridegroomed to the goddess. It's, it really moves people. Now, can I say, just something I've just realized? I said at the start, I haven't seen corpses. But I've been to museums and seen old bodies. So that's actually, so I have seen. Well this is both the ethical discussion isn't it? And how do you feel about that?

Because I think that is quite an important thing, isn't it really? It is a complicated issue that. There is something, I went to the British Museum with my son recently went to see the Egyptian exhibition and there is something uncomfortable about it? With Toland Mann, because, as it taking him as an example, because he's so well preserved and you can tell so much about his and his people's way of life from studying him, that absolutely has incredible academic intellectual value. And I was reading about Elling Woman and they could, you know, they can recreate, because her clothes were perfectly preserved. So she was wearing a sort of plaid skirt and a shawl. They can tell what the pattern was, they can tel what their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their tho thoooo their their thooe thoe thoe and thoe and thoom much much much thoom much thoe. And thoes thoes their th. And their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their tel much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much much tell. tell. And tell. And tell. And tell. And tea. And tell. And tell. And tell. And tell. And tell. And clothes were perfectly preserved. So she was wearing a sort of plaid skirt and a shawl. They can tell what the pattern was, they can tell what the colors were.

Amazing. That's fascinating stuff. And you know, a toller man discovered in 1952, obviously scientific methods have improved so much in the last 70 years. And they will continue to improve. And so they'll be able to work out out out out out out out out out out out out out out out out out to work out to work out to work out to work out to work out to work out to work out their their their their their their their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, te.a, te.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a. They, their, their, their, their about him in a hundred years time because they're preserving the body so perfectly. But whether these people should be on display? I think that's what I'm uncomfortable with. How would you feel about that?

Exactly in a thousand years time. Let's say in two thousand years time at the, let's say the British Museum, as you come into the main foyer, the main thing, there you are. Well, not the foyer. Well, whatever the main sort of. The canteen? The gift shop. As long as they're making slightly wild claims about me and my lifestyle, he was clearly exceptionally attractive. Here lies the bodies of one of the 21st century's most popular podcast.

The Distended Tongue, I didn't know whether I should tell you this sort of story just as you were telling us about the distended tongue, but I once strained my tongue for a fortnight by trying to get the yoga out of the bottom of a petty foaloo. Well he can tell when his last meal was the remnants of a petty for loo. Well, look at this, right? Information about the growlman's life has been ascertained from his remains. His hands were smooth and did not show evidence of hard work, indicating that Growball man was not employed in hard labours such as farming. He was a podcaster. His ears sort of show the indentation of headphones. He had the indentation of a microphone on his lips. Like his skeleton showed signs of calcium deficiency and his spine also,

he was suffering from the early stages of Spondylosis deformants which is a generalized aging disease and he there is no only a darker though this two was altered in the bargain it now appears really really reddish they can work out they can work out they can theyreys. They can work out from a study of his teeth and jaws that he had periods of starvation or a poor state of health during his early childhood. It's just amazing what they can work out. I don't know whether they should be on display. It makes me feel slightly uncomfortable. I don't know. I don't know.

Yeah. One for ethics pod. That said, we will be putting their images on our Instagram. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So we're part of the problem.

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helps you turn off whatever's holding you back. See, you can let your potential shine. Turn on confidence. Turn on connections. Turn on possibilities. There are hundreds of programs and services available at the Y. See what you can achieve at YMCA.org This will be the speech-making powers of Elizabeth the first, okay? Now Chris earlier talked about the speech-making powers of Elizabeth the first, okay? Now Chris earlier talked about Henry the 5th and 10 years before Shakespeare sat down to write Henry the 5th, Elizabeth the First was on the throne, so that's where we are

sort of time-wise and she was about to give her most famous speech. Now do you know what speech that is for a point? No, no idea. No idea about Elizabeth the first speech. The one where she says all my possessions for a moment in time. It is to troops gathered at Tilbury in Essex, ahead of the Spanish armada arriving. So I don't know how, first of all, how that makes you feel, Chris,

that this important speech happened in Essex, are you, as someone who's proud? I've been to Tilbury, and my abiding memory of it is it's a lorry park. Right. Well it wasn't then. I think lorries stop there on the way to France maybe. It's just weird to me that clash of time to think that amongst all those lorries Elizabeth the first once stood and gave a great speech. She does actually, she does reference Eddie Stobar three times in the, I think they were... Does the speech begin? The traffic on the A13 this morning has been a night? Sorry I'm late. Elizabeth's first gear, you can call them a fish. I think all my possessions from a moment of time. I think all my possessions from a moment of time were meant to be her last words on her deathbed, apocryphalia. All my possessions for a moment of time. That is amazing, isn't it? That's a great final line, to be fair. I think it's, it's not guaranteed that she said that, but still, it's an amazing quote.

Yeah. What's your final words for me? Oh! Oh, that's your final words? Oh, okay. Mine will be something like, put down the iPhone, spend time with your friends. Something like that and it will really impact the person who hears it. Okay. Is that a dinosaur? This speech, which was written in the summer of 1588 as England awaited the Spanish armada, which threatened the country with invasion and replacing Elizabeth who was a Protestant with King Philip the second who was a Catholic and her half-brother. It may be think

about this for a start that she's writing this with this prospect of an invading force coming to kill and dethrone her. Royals back then they had to put up with stuff to be fair to them. They had quite big things to deal with. The idea of an army wanting to invade and kill them is compared to what Royals have to deal with now is... Do you know what I mean? I know they had a life where they could have whatever they want and they had huge

castes, and all their food they wanted. But the their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their thoals thoals. I I thoosomea. thoosomea. thi thoes. thoosome. tho their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their thoes.... thoes. thoes. thii. thi. thi. thia. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta. ta.ea. ta. ta. ta. ta. other countries trying to dethrone you and tell you as a thing after. I'd rather just keep my head down and not live in a palace but also not have an army trying to attack me and dethrow me and kill me. I just want to get on. I just want to be left to their their thrown to their thrown. I'm. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I can can't. I can't. I can't. I can't. I can't. to to to to to to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to handle. to to to to to to to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to be to to to to to toeeeeeeeeeeeee. toeeeeanananananananananananananan. toean. toean. toean. toean. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toea. toea. that note, it took me so long to work out that that's what castles were for, really, like to protect you when people were coming to kill you. That's such a basic quest. I didn't think I really clocked that that's what they were for. Yeah and it's not, I don't think it's adequately explained to kids because I was obsessed with castles as a child and I was, summer holidays were sort of based around places in the UK that had a good castle. That is true actually. I mean and the idea I always thought a moat was just quite a nice sort

of garden design. It's just quite a pleasant thing to have geese in or whatever. Not a thing to keep your head on your body. You know, it's there to give you a chance of survival. It could have been both. Yeah, that's very true. Yeah, functional and beautiful. Thank you, Alice. So on the 9th of August, Elizabeth appeared in full armor in Tilbury with a plumed helmet mounted on a grey horse. This is how she looked before giving her speech. I think we can agree that that will always suggest confidence at the beginning of any speech. Like Scarle if you turn up at a work thing you had to give a speech about, I don't know, what it would be if you turn up on a white horse, people are going to close their

laptops. Yeah. A big plume on your head. I'm going to go, I'm going to listen to this person. What's this guy do? He does podcasts about 90s football. And sort of history with a Welsh guy and a loser. But he's on a horse so I am going to listen. This is going to be good. Next to her stood a courtier who carried the Great Sword of State, which is not unlike the sword recently seen at Charles the Third's coronation. And her intention, when preparing this speech, was to impress upon the people, basically, that she was capable of leading the fight against the enemy, that she was gloriana in person, as people would describe it, and modern day Athena, basically, she was wise,

she was ready for war, this was the idea. But what it essentially was was was an exercise in propaganda, that's what it was, because by this point Elizabeth was, she didn't really have a sort of successful war hero vibe about her, should we say. She was comfortably into middle age, her hair was shaved and greying but covered it with ginger wig. Her skin was layered with makeup to cover pox scars. She was so, she'd been so affected by the pox and her teeth were rotten and black with decay. Which intently I think it's, we've talked about this before with my worries about kissing people from the past but it is it's the

rotting teeth which for me is a big issue with living in the past. Yeah. That's the thing like the fact that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that that th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the. the the the the. the. the. the. the. theting teeth, which for me is a big issue with living in the past. Yeah. That's the thing, like the fact that your teeth are just giving up the ghost when you hit 25 basically, they've got. Because I quite like the freedom of being able to eat almonds whenever I like. Yeah, exactly. You know what like in this day and age, it's always whenever there's a big election, when the election between two quite elderly people, the conversation is always like, are they up to the job job physically? And there's always an analysis of what they actually look like and their physical characteristics. Like it's incredible to think of Elizabeth the first being the leader the nation she comes out and what you've just described top it's hard to imagine anyone more decrepit almost black like you know you're

not gonna vote for that person however as historians will point out about this though which is a fair point you have to remember that I think basically everyone looked haggard so at least you go look at her teeth and you realize oh no I've got identical teeth she's my teeth and you realize, oh no, I've got identical teeth. She's my teeth to it. She's got black teeth. I have no teeth. Sure enough, I had a scale and polish at the hygienist yesterday.

If I went back to Elizabeth the first time, it's really comforting to know that I would be Britain's most handsome man. Yes. You would, I wonder how old they would say you were. Five? If you went back. Yeah. It's like a big bearded five-year-old boy. You can easily tour the country and make money by just letting people look their fair. Yeah, there you go. Open your mouth, you get a minute to look in the gob and you get whatever a medieval, a grown to be or half a turnip. So in keeping with established protocol, Elizabeth progressed through the waiting crowds and then you'll

like this, Hell, this is a nice touch. She then paused for a moment of silence before delivering her speech. Now, L or no, when it comes to stand up, having the confidence to pause at the beginning of your set has a huge impact on how the crowd view you. I was always so nervous. I'm basically talking as I was approaching the microphone. I'd be like, I'd be like a meter away from the micrown and I'd already be doing my first joke. I mean, I'm completely off mic and you'd hear the punch line as I come. And that was I was I was I was the the set the the set the the the the the the the the the the th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was thirty. I was like, I was like, I was like, I was th. I was th. I was thoing. I was just thirty to thirty to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to have to have to have to have to have to have to have th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was th. I was to th. I was th. I was th. I was thi. I was a thi. I was a thi. I was thi. I was the. I was the. I was the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. I was thi, and you'd hear the punchline as I come, and that was three duct in a row. It's like, no, no, the setup was at the other end of the stage to one person who heard it. There was a comedian, I won't name him, because I think he of a sort of, at the end of a sermon, right? And he was shaking my hand and he was staring at me, but and the

crowd was still clapping and cheering, waiting for the show to start. And I was a bit confused because the handshake took too long and after about 10 minutes, he said to me, well he mouthed to me as they're still clapping,. the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show the show their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their hand, at their hand, at their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their the handshake took too long and after about 10 minutes he said to me, well he mouthed to me as they're still clapping cheering, I am settling myself. I am very, very nervous. I am settling myself. So I just let him shake my hand until he was ready. It's quite funny and it's so right. If someone owned that and just came on and shook

the Compaire's hand for about a minute and a half, I would find that funny. I'd go, okay, that's quite maverick. It would be the Stuart Lee thing of it would initially start off being funny and then it would stop being funny. And then eventually it would become funny, but my god, you've really got to stick to your guns. I remember watching Joe Lyset. He came out and he started and he just put his drink down and he just stood there and waited for like 15 seconds or something then started. And I remember at that time thinking, oh you can do that. And that's what changed it basically.

Just like a light bulb moment of okay. What are you doing? Oh, arenas. Yeah. What are you what you, what you, what you, what you, what you, what you, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, tha? thi? thi? What, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what? th. th. thi? thi? th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. to. th. th. th. doing? I'm doing all right. Passion project. So, now what Elizabeth said comes to us in the form of a letter sent to the Duke of Buckingham by a Leonel Schaer who was then the chaplain to the Earl of Essex and he was present at Tilbury. And in every version of the speech, the most famous line, now you will know this line. I know I have the body but of the the the weak but of the weak but of the the weak the weak the weak the the the weak and the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the their their. their. their. the the the the their. the the their. the their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their. their.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.e.a.e.e.e.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a know this line. I know I have the body but of a weak feeble woman but I have the heart and stomach of a king and a king of England too. Now that's a famous line from it and it's present in basically all historical commentary and annexos and references to this speech. It's basically it's clear that that line was present That really was said allowed by her.

And most significantly, Elizabeth wrote the speech herself. She wrote her own speeches. It was someone who makes fairer out of my living writing jokes for quite a big comedians. I'm not really for that. I can't back that as an idea. I don't like people writing their own stuff. That's putting me out work. How could she be if she'd had writers? Tom Crane and Matthew Crosby

in a writer's room in Central and Dunn with all the diet coke they need. It would have been far more pun heavy, her speech. But, you know, there's a charm to that. It's great to be back here in Tilbury again. Let's say you play tealbree twice twice twice twice twice twice twice twice twice twoes twoes twoes twoes twoes tw's great to be back here in Tilbury again. Let's say you play Tilbury twice in your career. Yeah very nice. So however and this is it is a big however okay and not a lot of people know this and this is one of my I think it's one of the favorite facts I've found since we started this podcast okay there's always been this idea of this speech by Elizabeth I first at Tilbury being this triumphant thing that led the army to victory.

However, that isn't the case. I love this. Although she'd written the speech as invasion was imminent, she actually delivered it 11 days after the battle had ended. Did she? By which point the Spanish armada was somewhere off this coast of Scotland. The timing of it was later adjusted to suit the narrative of her leading the troops to victory. So she was surrounded by troops but it was all over. No way. Imagine delivering that speech when you know it's over. And also imagine listening to that speech and going, I mean it's what is this? It's all done.

That's absolutely amazing. That has blown my mind. I wouldn't know what face to pull if I was in the front row. What are you doing? I don't know what's like... That's extraordinary. We will fight to the death. That's like something out of black added by to forth actually. It really is. It really is. The Armada were way up in Scotland. Now briefly, Tilbury was the most famous speech given by Elizabeth, but it wasn't the only one she wrote or delivered. During her reign, she spoke in public numerous times with tech surviving in various forms, sometimes in her own writing. She was known to show off sometimes in her speeches. For example, in a visit to Cambridge University

in 1564, she gave a speech to university members in Latin, even though there was no cool to do that, which seems a bit twatty. Come on, man, I get it. It feels like she's going, I'm as bright as you just to let you know. Which, according to records, left the audience, this is a quote, marvelously astonished. But I think, it think, it thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, if thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, that, thi, that, that, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi, thi. thi, thi. thi, thi. thi. thi, thi. thi. thi. thi, thi, thi. thi, thi, thi, was was the is the is the is the is the is the is theeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. the is the is the is the is the audience, this is a quote, marvelously astonished. But I think if you're watching the Queen, as someone who could quite easily have you beheaded, you're gonna go. Yeah. If your vox popped afterwards, you're saying you like it. Her final public address took place in 1601,

before Parliament and brought together all the skills she gained over a lifetime. But what's quite interesting about this, the way the way the way the way the way the the the the the the the the the the theck and the way the way the way their their their their their their their to bea to bea to bea to bea tooomeck. to bea to bea. to tooom. tooom. tooom. tooomorrow, tooomorrow, tooomorrow, tooes, tooes, tooes, tooes, tooes, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, toe, tooanananananananane. tooanananananananananananananan, toe. tooanan, tooan, tooanananananananuea. tooanane, the way she described herself had now changed. So whereas at Tilbury, she'd insisted that she was the equal of a king. Now after a life of sort of victory and power and success, she stated she was in fact the superior example of a royal ruler. So her perception of her role and the presence of her gender had shifted. So she said we think ourselves most fortunately born under such a star as we have been enabled by God's power to have saved you under our reign from foreign foes, from tyrant's rule and for your own ruin, and do confess that we pass not so much to be a queen of such

subjects for whom God is witness without boast or faunt, we would willingly lose our life, e'er see such to perish. So by the end she had such a perception of herself as he really believed herself to be this person who had led and saved this country and really was a gift to the nation from God. How interesting. Nice to view yourself like that at the end, is it? I don't think I'll be seeing myself as a gift to to to to to to to to to to to to to to the nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation nation to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to the nation to to to to Nice to view yourself like that at the end, is that? I don't think I'll be seeing myself as a gift to the evolution of our calendars. Do you ever worry, do you ever think about this?

There has been an evolution in my calendar. Do you have a joint calendar? Because we know, with Izzy we have a joint calendar and electronic calendar and it's very common I think to criticize technological advances and say, actually, when you think about it, we were happy people when we all heard blah blah blah and then you name the old thing, the electronic calendar is so much better and it has changed my life.

Yes. Because you can't lose it. No. The number one argument I have of my wife is, well, it's not in the joint calendar. Yes. That's where I go wrong as a husband, I've got. to to to to to to to to to to to toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. toe. to to toe, the the toe, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the they. the the. the. thi. thi. thi. thi. Blu. thi. Blu. Blu. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. Blumene. the as a husband, forgetting to put things in. I often don't check, I've got, I've got, or not checking. Yeah, I find it easier to look at my Apple calendar than the Google calendar, but Izzy stuff is only in the Google calendar. So occasionally I look at mine, see what I'm doing, and I think, well I'm free, and then realize that actually there was a big thing that I had I had I had I was a th. I was a th. th. th. th. th. I was a thi. I was a thi. I was a thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm their their thi. I'm their thi. I'm the realize that actually there was a big thing that I'd forgotten about. There was not to name names, but there was a comedian about ten years ago who used to update his website using his eye cal for his gigs,

not realizing it was also showing everything that he was doing in his week was appearing on his website. And it had all his fees. For what he got paid for everything, when he was having a hair cut dental appointment. If he was He got paid for everything, when he was having a hair cut, dental appointment. If he was meeting his mom for breakfast, it would all be on there. Like door dates. And I went on that website every day. And never told him.

The other thing is I got, I got mugged. It's fine, it's got a happy end of this story. But it had my, in 2009 when I was still had an old paper, to my stuff in so I got mugged in the Junes which is probably the Edinburgh Festival so it had everything I'd earned up to that point and obviously every commitment in my life going up to the end of the year and they they took my bag and my calendar was in there and then they dumped the back and I got it back but until I got the diary back back back back back back back back back back back back back back back back back back back the diary the diary the diary the diary the diary the diary the diary the the the the the the the the their their their their their their their. their. their. their. I was their. I was their. I was their. I was their. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. to. to. to... I was... I was. I was... I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I was. I'm. I'm. to. to. the. the. the. I'm. the. the. I'm. I'm. I'm. the. I'm. I'm. I'm. I'm. I'm. I'm. I dumped the back and I got it back. But until I got the diary back, because it was just dumped down an alleyway, I thought I can't work out what I've earned, I can't prove to anyone what I've earned and I don't know what I'm doing for the rest of my life.

Yeah. With paper calendar? Yeah, it was an absolute nightmare with a paper diary because you were never realistically gonna gonna back up a paper diary. Yeah, writing everything in twice. Absolutely, yeah, yeah. We're just never gonna happen. There's a comedy agency, lovely people actually, it doesn't matter, I'll mention their name, it's fine, off the curb, who look after lots of really great acts. Absolutely, and they're very, very nice people, very good friends now. When I first started doing paid gigs as a stand-up, they like my stuff, which was nice and I rang them up. It was really nerve-wracking, and you're starting out as a stand-up, ringing up promoters, people who put on lots of gigs. Oh God, I've got to be such a stressful thing. Oh, oh, I. I. I. I thg. I thg. Oh, I th. I th. Oh, I their. I th. I their. I was. I was. I was. I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was, I was their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their ga. their their ga. their their their ga. their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their th. th. th. th. th. thi. thi. thi. the. theat. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. th, and after Edinburgh, I rung them up and they went, yeah, let's put some gigs in, gigs in one go.

And they gave me like 30 gigs in one go. It was incredible. The golden phone call. Yeah, the golden phone call. I wrote down all of the gigs, Bristle, Bradford, whatever, it. I put the phone down at the end. I'd had this phone call I've been scared about for a week. I looked at the diary and I hadn't written down any of the dates. I'd just written down the names of the various. So I had to, it took me about an hour to get the confidence to ring back and go, Kai, yeah, you know that I do need all of the dates again. I know to th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. thi. thi. I was just just just just just just just just just to to to to thi. to thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm thi. I've the the the the the the the the the the the thi. I've thi. I've thi. I've thi. I've thi. I've thi. I've thi. K. K. K. K. K. K. Ka. Ka. Ka. Ka. Ka. I'm thi. I'm thi. Ka. Ka. I'm thi. Ka. Ka. Ka. I'm to theeeea. Ka. Ka'a'ea'ea'ea'ea'ea'a'a. I've thi. I the dates again. I'm now really they are, but I was just so nervous about it.

Oh my God. Yeah. Still have flashbacks to that. It's a problem. Well, couldn't you just ask for the first date and work out of the first date and you're the first date and work out the rest from that? That is terrible. Yeah. Well, I mean, this just goes to show we need calendars in our lives. And for humans for centuries, thousands of years have been trying to figure out a way to mark the passage of time.

The earliest calendars were based on the observations of the sun and the moon. And this is interesting because in the most basic form of a calendar, the solar cycle, a solar cycle is about 365 days long, obviously. We can figure that out. The lunar cycle is about 28 or a 30 day cycle. So can I tell you to be very briefly about that, which is so lame, which I realized, sat on the sofa with Claire this week about the lunar cycle? Okay, I, she was like, how am I married to you? I didn't realize. I thought when you saw certain amounts of the moon, it was like, th. It was, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, because, there, there, there, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was like, there was, there was, the, the, their, their, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was, there was like, there was like, there was like, there was like, there was like, there was like, there was like, tho, thoooing, realize, I thought when you saw certain amounts of the moon, it was just like,

because there was like cloud cover. Oh, that's it. So it didn't relate to any time of the month or anything. It was just like, oh, you can just see that the moon now. All right. All right. All right. Incredibly, I'm going to to thahahahahthis is Izzy, and she probably doesn't want me to say this, but I'm going to say

it anyway. Yeah. Our daughter, when she was about two, pointed up at the moon, who was about two in the afternoon and said, oh, the moon! and as he went, it's not Exactly. It's a meteor and it's heading for her. We've got about a minute left to say we love each other. I said, it is the moon. And she said, it can't be it's the day. I said, believe me.

That is the moon. That is the moon. And then her friend went, I've got to back it up on this. That is the moon. And she. And she. And she. And she. And she. And she. And she. And she. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. And she th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. to th. that. th. th. th. th. th. th. th we th we th we th we th we th we th we the th we the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the moon. I th. I th. I th. I th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. th. the. the. the. the. the. the. We've the. We've the. We've the. We've the. We've the. We've the. We wee. wee. Alice up on this. That is that is the morning. And she went, and she went, yeah, she went but I can see the sun as well and I was like that will, that's not mutually exclusive. And that friend was Tim Peek as well wasn't it? That's the absolute brass tax of your wife. That does happen. So what was her her explanation? What did she thought that he that was the moon was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was the mood. that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was that was the mood. the mood. the mood. the mood. the mood. the mood. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the move. the mo. the m. the m. the m. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. the. that. the. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. that. the. tacks of your wife. That does happen. So what was her explanation? What did she, what had she thought it was? She thought the moon was. Got out of bed. So what was the, what did she think the moon was there? I don't know. That's the fascinating question for me. Is it she, on a regular

basis, has seen this massive thing of the sky? She does think it's the moon. She's never stopped to ask what it is in that case. I don't know. She would have been in a late 30s. Yeah. So she's happily going, I'll just, I just won't know what that is then in that case. She just goes about that day. I don't know. It was probably the most chilling half an hour of my life. Oh, that makes it slightly, I think that's worse than my clouds worse. Yeah it is. And yours is bad. Yeah, mine is bad. But at least you know it's the moon. Now, yeah, oh yeah, it's true, yeah.

I've always known it's the moon. So if you try and figure out the month's... The dad was a scientist. It was a really clever bloc. I really don't know what the most clever people I've ever met in my life. My daughter asked me a question of the day, well probably about a year ago, like, why can you sometimes see the moon in the day and then other times you can't? And I'm like, I don't know, I've been, yeah. I don't know, yeah. Yeah, like I don't know the answer that, I should know the answer that.

I should particularly particularly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly clearly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, particularly, clearly, if you do know the answer that, do email us on Hello at Oat the time because I would genuinely like to know. So you can try and figure out the kind of the months by looking at the lunar cycle, which is 28 to 30 days. If you do 12 lunar months, you'll end up with 364 days. Obviously a solar year is 365 days. So calendar designers basically try to follow the months by the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the thoome. thooome. thoome. to be 3oome. to be 3. to to to to to to to to to to 30. to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to th. th. th. th. th. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. the. Yeah. the. Yeah. the. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. thea. toea. to follow the months by the moon and then it needs to add up ultimately to the solar year. That means they're all calendar designers through history have been adding leap days, weeks, months depending on how far apart their calculations were when trying to marry a lunar month to a solar month. Got you.

And he got me thinking like, I often say, oh, this time last year, you know? Like, I was doing this this time last year or this time two years ago, but when you realize we're just adding bits of time on, that actually it's kind of meaningless, isn't it? This little kind of anecdote just told you there about how they come up, the calendar designers figured out what a year and how to do lunar months. It just shows you that that time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time time the the the the the lunar months. It just shows you that time is an arbitrary thing, isn't it? There is no such thing as last year. Right, yes. It really paints, and I want it to be meaningful. I'm getting flushbucks to being a student, people smoking weed. Are you saying time doesn't exist? At the risk of turning this into the end of a cab What is that?

I'm gonna call a cab actually Yeah, you're saying time doesn't exist but it's just arbitrary isn't it like I like the idea of this time of year and this time last year and maybe this time next year but it's all just me it's all a bit meaningless isn't it calendar designers had to think about this stuff and add in extra bits of time the time there is no last year it's all just this this this this this this th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th the the th the the the the the th th th th tip tha the tha tha tha tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip the the the the the tip tip tip tip tip tip tip t tip t t t t t t t tip t t t tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip tip think about this stuff and add in extra bits of time. There is no last year. It's all just, it is obviously invented, isn't it? Also a big job sorting up the calendars. Once you've done it, what do you do then? Yes. Because you've done this huge thing. You probably can't retire off it. Yeah. And as you're getting money off calendar, which oh alright, then fine I'll go into sales.

Well, who do you think invented the modern calendar? Who is most credited with having developed the calendar that we all now live by? Jesus. The Gregorian calendar. Well, yeah, the Romans. The Romans. A lot of the ideas around calendars that we now hold are from the Romans. I'm going to give you what I think is the best fact we've ever had on this podcast to this point. Okay. When I read this it blew my mind. You can see the

Moon and the Sun at the same time on a clear day. Right. Subscribe to oh what a time.the moon is not made of cheese repeat nod I've always wondered what the name you know the months of the year they don't really make sense like okay December deck is 10 is it like October although it's the 10th month that oct is eight isn't it and I don't never really understood that July in Welsh is Garorfennav, which means, Gorfenhav, which means end of summer. Yeah, July? Yeah.

So I don't know, yeah, in August it's just weird, isn't it? It's just, isn't it? You're trying to undercut his fact? You want to get in there early? That's actually, that's actually better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better better their their that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that's that hear the second best fact. So at one point the Romans used a 10-month calendar, right? The month, the year would begin, the 10-month calendar would begin in March and it would end in December. That's a good fact.

In January and February, they're not documenting this time. It doesn't appear on their calendars. It's regarded as a kind of unmeasured winter period. Right. So you just, the the year, the the year, the the year, the the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year the year the year the year the year, the year, the year the year the year the year the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year, the year. th. th. th. th. th. th. the, the, thea, thea, thean ta, ta, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, tea, the tea, the the the the tars. It's regarded as a kind of unmeasured winter period. Right. So you just get it, your year begins in March, it ends in December, and then you enter like this wilderness. That's incredible. For two months, right? I'd find that really hard to get my head runned. I think if that calendar was submitted, I'd say you need to go away and things. It feels like you've done 90% of work you can't quite work it out so you that's not good because it's got unknown time So you'd end I also I think I dread that time yeah yeah, I'll be like we're now entering When does it end yeah, exactly we kind of have that willed in us now you know between Christmas day and The the tell's day and the telly's I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't just I don't know I don't know I don't know I don't don't don't don't don't don't don't don't don't don't I don't just I don't just I don't I don't I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't I don't don't don't don't don't don't know I don't know I don't know I don't know know know what the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the week it is. I've lost the truck, what day is it? You're so like, that should be in the calendar. It should just be this sort of unmarked time

from Boxing Day through to about January the 7th. The dead zone. Dead zone. It's just a question mark in the calendar. Was it just like that period thau. the period of Christmas and New Year now you just like that I don't That's incredible. Yeah. That's amazing. It is a very good fact. So now it makes even more sense, okay? So in the first decade AD, the calendar of various flakus, and our historian Darrells made a bit of a joke here, perhaps a relative of Biggas, yes? On for the dads. He, um, they, in those calendars in the first decade A. D. They have the months as we now know them. And they've figured out how to divide that winter period.

They've called it January in February. So it's the first decade. So when was that the first decade A. They've worked out. Yeah, the calendar of various flakas. OK. They've gone. This unlapped a couple of months in there and then we've got a nice tight calendar. So January and February, January was named off the month of Janus, the god of doorways and

entrances, the beginning. Nice. February. Oh that's nice. Oh that's interesting, the beginning, opening up, okay. February is the month of purification. Dry February. Yeah. March, I don't really understand why, the month of Mars, the God of War. I don't really understand why they've gone for that. April is most likely the month of Aphrodite, the goddess of love. Yeah. Kissing May, the month of May, the month of Mayer, the goddess of growth, spring I guess, in the northern hemisphere. June, the month of Juno, July, the month of Julius, Julius, do you know th, th, th, th, th, th, th, th, the th, the th, thu, the thu, the the the the the, the the, the, the the the, the, the, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, tho, the month, the month, the month, the month, the month, the month, the month, the month, tho, tho, tho, th, th, th, th, th, th, th, th, th, th, the, the, the, the, the, and the the the the the the the the the the the the the the, and thoomoomoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooomom., th of marriages happen in June, July the month of Julius, do you know this? July, he's named after Julius, Caesar, it was originally Quintilis the fifth month, okay. I did not know that. July, Julius, I'll tell you more about that in a second. August,

that was originally Sextilis, the sixth month, right? And now September, after Septim, that was the seventh month. Yeah, October after octum, after octum, after octum, that, the that, thum, that, the that thum, that that the that that that was the seventh month. Yeah, Donnell Westbrook. October after Octam the eighth month. November, November, November, November the ninth month. December after December, the tenth month. Very good. September, October, November, seven, eight, nine, ten. Nice. And it's because the Romans didn't bother with January February. How good a fact is that? Will that change your life forever? That is really interesting. So deck being the final month in that calendar before the unknown period. Just it's that I can't get past the dead zone. Yeah yeah a two month. A two month undocumented and labeled bit of time when it's listen right it's gonna rain a lot okay yeah so just get on with it yeah two months cultivate your

crops do whatever is you need to do and then I'll see you in March so someone comes to your house we're going to go and you put a sign for a package and they say what date is it you go I don't know I can't tell you yeah for two months you have to come back in two months and then I I I I I I I I I to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to the to to the to to the to the to the to the to the to the to the the the to to the their the the to the to the to to their their their their their their the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the their their th th to to to to to to two two te two two te. I two two two two two two try. I two two two two two try. I two try. I the. So two months. You have to come back in two months and then I can give you a date. Do you still leave the photo? So I mentioned there a couple of month renamings. July was renamed to, in honor of Julius Caesar, by Mark Antony following Julius Caesar, in 44 BC. So July was renamed, July, it used to be Quintilis, renamed it there renamed it. They're renamed it July. August. Nice sunny month ever seen it. I was named after a referendum.

Nice sunny. A nice sunny month after a referendum. A big legacy to have. A huge referendum. But that you're, but you have a the month named after you. What is as big as it gets. But the people you say a referendum. What a legacy that the people you say, they they they they they they they they they they they they say. Nice, you say, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, the the the the the the the the the the the the their, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, nice, the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their, their their their their their their their their their their their their their their their the you have a month named after you. What is as big as it gets? The people, you say a referendum, people have chosen you and that for the rest of time your native. Imagine if it was like January, March, April, April, the thu. July, Skull. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Tom.

Friday, Saturday, Skull. Yeah, but that's massive. Yeah, it's huge. Absolutely. So that calendar cycle lasted for a long time, basically until the fall of the empire. The next biggest change came under Constantine, the first Christian emperor, who formally installed Sundays as a holiday, and thus in 321 AD created a seven day week akin to our own. Wow so prior to that they hadn't had an official holiday just

kept doing. You had months like numbers in the month but then we said oh let's break them into sevens. Yep. Monday Tuesdays and Wednesday was the day of rest. I think that's quite for me I think I'd struggle to live in a world where my calendar didn't have that regular promise of a weekend, of a break. The idea of that being such a simple thing to put in, like, obviously, depends what your life situation is, is whether you're able to stop working, but the hope of a weekend is quite an important thing for people isn't? Yes, of course.

The release. And I have had jobs where I have worked at the weekend and I've had a couple of days off in the week. Yeah. And it's not the same. No, because no one else is off. So it means that you're on your own for two days of the week, and then you're at work whenever else is enjoying themselves. And it's... I'm imagining you're I'm imagining I'm the the the thing thing thing thing thing thing thing thing thing th. I'm imagining th. I'm imagining th. I'm imagining th. I'm imagining th. I'm imagining the th. I'm th. I'm imagining th. I'm imagining th. I'm th. I'm thi. I'm thi. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm thi. I's thi. I's thi. I's th. I's th. I's th. I's th. I's th. I's the the the th. I'm th. I'm working. I'm the th. I'm working. I'm th. I'm the the th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm th. I'm things. I'm things. I'm things. I'm things. I'm things. I'm th. I'm th. I'm the. I'm th. I'm th... I'm imagining you doing lots of two-person recreations on your own. So tennis, you're hitting the ball over and it doesn't come back and then you look sad. Just against the fence. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sharing meal for two. But you can't finish. Yeah. I exactly 50% did it.

Leaning in for a kiss under the middle. So you probably wanted how did the days of the week get their name in the UK? Yes I was. Consequently in the rest of the Western world, English speaking West World. So during the Viking age from the late 8th to the 11th century, Norse culture had a massive impact in parts of Europe, especially in regions like Scandinavia, parts of now what is Germany. And North Norse gods became integrated into the belief systems and languages within these regions. And when Christianity spread through the areas, the names of the week, which were

derived from Norse mythology persisted and were adopted into the Christian calendar. So the days of the week are massively influenced by Norse culture and language. So Sunday, named after the day of the sun. Yep. In many cultures, Sunday is associated with the suns such as English is Sunday, German Sontag, Spanish, Span-Mondos, Monday is after the moon, one for Izzy. Tuesday after the Norse god Tyre or two in old English the day was Tuesday named after the Norse God tear associated with war and the sky. Wednesday the Norse God

Odin or Woden. Thursday Norse God Thor. Friday Norse God S Frig and Saturday named after Saturn. Hmm. There you go. So that's how we get the calendars, the days of the week. Thorne very interesting. It's quite, I mean, I don't have this. Yeah. Thorne, is Thursday, the angriest day of the week? It's Monday, no? Yeah. Yeah, maybe it is anger is it, so maybe Monday,that's what you want. That's fascinating and that dead zone is a great fact that's really really interesting and I'm glad we

don't have that anymore because I'd find that deeply unsettling yeah yes me yes me too I mean it's still unsettling me yeah what if your birthday's in the dead zone you're able to say if they haven't got no specific dates then right you're just going to not get a birthday party you're growing up every the year the year the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the th the th th th th th th th th th th th th th. th. tho. tho. to tho. the. the. the. to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to th. th. th. th. th. the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the. their the. their their their their their their their their their their their the. the. the. the. the. party? You're growing up every year you'll miss because you're born in the dead zone? Similar sort of vibe to being born on the 29th of February. Yeah, absolutely. Oh yeah. I've been to wait. Your birthday is around here somewhere. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And there you go, that's the third and final part of our Oh what time best-of trilogy. And that means that Crane formally, this is the end of your holiday.

Back to work. Get back behind the desk. Shall I take off my beer hat, my swinging Hawaiian dress, my coconut brah. Have a wash, have a shave, pop that suit back on, get behind your desk. 9 a.m. tomorrow, stamp your time card. Ah, well it was good while it lasted. Thank you for listening guys and we will see you next week. Bye. the