Rooster Teeth Podcast - Pseudo Dicks – #381

Episode Date: June 21, 2016

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It's time to put your pedal to the metal. From the twisted minds behind Deadpool and Zombieland, an executive producers, Will Arnet and Anthony Mackie comes a new Peacock original series, Twisted Metal, a high-oxane action comedy based on the classic video game series. Anthony Mackie stars as John Doe, a motormouth outsider who must deliver a mysterious package across a post-apocalyptic wasteland.

If he can survive the drive, also starring Stephanie Beatriz, Samoa Joe, Nev Campbell, Will Arnet, and Thomas Hayden Church. Twisted metal, streaming now, only on peacock. Hello everyone, welcome to the RISC podcast this week brought to you by Kasperski Lab, Movement Watches and Squarespace. Big thank you to our sponsors for sponsoring this episode of the podcast. I'm Gus.

I'm Gavin. I'm Brandon. I'm Chris. And I'm Gus. What was the first one? Cusper ski lap? Oh, I just didn't see it. Or Gus.

I have so many other things to say. No, yeah, well, they're a new sponsor for us. Sweet. How's everyone doing? It feels weird to be back on the podcast after having been out all of last week. I felt like I was on air on the livestream all week except for the podcast.

Mm. Do you find that if you spend a week away from the office, it feels like it's so much longer? It does, because- I'm always clambering to get back for some reason. Well, not some reason. You're sitting down, you're like, I don't really know what to do

or I don't remember how to do this. Yeah, I think the biggest problem I have lately is I feel like every time I travel, when I come back, the Monday is kind of busy, and then Tuesday I book, we're gonna shoot stuff all day. Like that's how we shot, here is a half-witz. I've been out of the office for some reason, then I came back and I was like,

all my Tuesdays gone with shooting this, and we're doing the same, I'm shooting all day tomorrow again. That's like a fucking don't learn my lesson. I'm the same same way with million dollars today and tomorrow. And then, I don't know, forget. And a lot of times when you go out of town, you come back and you have an email for me being like, Gus, the podcast was a disaster. Yeah, that's why I asked Barbara to program the whole thing instead of you.

She did a good job. Yeah, she's good. I take it you watch the entire podcast. I watch it. I think you've commented on this before. Did you actually watch it? Yeah, she's good. I take it you watch the entire podcast. I watch it. I think you've commented on this before. Did you actually watch it? Yeah, but how weird it is to watch it when you're not here. Yeah.

Like you open up your phone and you watch it and the app you're like, oh, it's weird that it's that time of the week and you're not preoccupied doing something. I did my head whenever I see a podcast line up that I'm not on. I always think, oh, that's an old one that I wasn't on. But just to see it and think that's the newest one that exists and I'm not on, I always think, oh that's an old one that I wasn't on. But to see it and think, that's the newest one that exists

and I'm not on it. It's great to me. You cannot contribute. Yeah, I can't do anything. You ever watch it, like sometimes I'll watch old ones and I'll be listening to the conversation and I think, oh, that's funny, it'll make me think about something and then that's what the next thing I say

in the course of the conversation. It makes me realize how consistent my mind works, how consistently it works, from one to the next. In general, again, with filming stuff. I'll be watching a performance. I'm like, man, I really wish they paused after this and then picked up a glass. And then off camera, I'll go, hey, on the next take,

can you pause here and pick up a glass? And I'm like, pass me this spot on. Yeah. I think sometimes you could have the same problem with anything no matter what. And then you like work through, you figure it out, and then you're like, wait a minute. Oh, that happened a year ago.

And I came to the same solution. The worst part is when you're stuck, like you have a new problem, right? And you're stuck working on it and working on it, and you just can't figure it out. Then you like step away from it for like 15 minutes, and you're like, oh, I know what the answer is. And you come back and it's like just like not focusing on it and not being I guess stuck in that same routine.

I find that with edits when I'm editing, well typically I just edit slow-mo guys these days. But I never do it all in one sitting. I'll always split it up into at least two goes because then you can come back to it and you're like, oh, I can fix all these problems that I was having with it and there it is. It's ready. I'm like, oh, this is awful. What? My dear. Have you had some moments where you're just like,

ah, I got stuck from scratch? So I feel like we've had a busy week or two here at Ristartee. Like it's been, like normally there's a lot going on. But like even more so it's maybe one of the craziest like weeks we've had. Because you know, we did all of the E3 coverage in LA we did let's play live in LA just a week before it was camp camp came out right yeah and then we also have kicked off camp camp day five then day five just premiered this past weekend and then

there was a trailer for the ASMR doc that came out today it's like there's so much stuff going on right now do you think at some point we'll just have to be full-time podcast people well then we wouldn't have any stories from our initial episodes. There was just been one week to the next, what happened? I was waiting for the next podcast last week. It was funny because I was really busy with E3 and Let's Play Live and I thought those went really well, but then day five came out and it was a project that I really had no involvement with at all.

I knew it was going on, I kind of had seen some stuff, but I hadn't had no involvement with at all. Like I knew it was going on, you know, I kind of had seen some stuff, but I hadn't seen the first episode at all. So it wasn't until it came out on the website for everyone else that I was finally able to watch it. And I thought it was fucking awesome. You were involved in that, right? Yeah. Good job. Thank you.

It was really, really good. So how many parts are in it? Is it like six parts? Six, okay, yeah. So there's six full episodes and then we might have some smaller kind of like side story episodes that are not full, you know, little nugs, little nugs. But yeah, so it will be, it will be long. And the first episode is available for first episode is up everywhere. So yeah, it was on our website,

YouTube, Facebook, I think we're mailing DVDs was on our website, YouTube, Facebook. I think we're romaling DVDs to people. No, we want it. But then after that, it's just gonna be sponsors on the RCT website. Which, yeah, well, I think it was cool too, because everyone got to see it. And you know, because it's a project too

that's been gestating for so many years. And it's like, okay, it's finally out. Yay! And everyone got to see it. And it wasn't like a delay. So it's cool. Everyone could see how good it is. Yeah, no, it was really exciting.

We were all sitting, you know, watching it. I mean, even though that we've all seen it a million times, we still went and, you know, set and watched it and, you know, ate cheese and wine. You had cheese and wine? Cheese and wine. Well, I was an invite to this cheese and wine view. I mean, I don't know why. Because you wouldn't have gone.

Maybe they might have something to do with it. But it's good. Yeah. Props the Josh for, you know, because he's the, he, you know, directed that episode and is also like the showrunner for the whole thing. Yeah, I had him on like two weeks ago because I wanted to talk about day five with him before the show came out and then we wrapped the podcast.

And he was like, we didn't talk about day five. It's like, oh, right. We got sidetracked into other topics. Well, he was on last week, too. Yeah. But no, I'm excited because it's like, to me, I want to get to the next episodes and next, because to me, it just builds.

It's one of those things where it's like, I'm wiggling. I can hear your chairs squeaking. No, but you know what I mean? It's like, you want to, it's like, oh, you want to get to the next part of the story. You get to the next part of the story. The next part of the story, you want to see, we want other people to mean? It's like, you want to, it's like, oh, you get to the next part of the story, you get to the next part of the story, next part of the story, you want to see, we want other people to see,

it's chess squeakingly good. Yeah. I want that on the DVD cover. Chairs squeakingly good, Christopher Marys. Yeah. So, I mean, it was like a, it was a long production, right? Like, y'all shot for longer than laser team, I think?

Yeah, like, I want to say it was, like, 49 days. More on screen now is oh Yeah, yeah, I mean it's it's essentially like three movies or something, you know slide the Lord of the Rings trilogy Yeah, but good. Oh, and then it tie Speed Lord of the Rings Man, I've been yeah, we are audible. I have been I relistened to fellowship of the ring. Uh-huh That is a fucking boring book. No, it is okay All right that book sucks It's boring movie. Oh my god. I mean the movie they at least added some stuff to make give some conflict

Do they have the big firewood dragon in the book? It's slow. Okay here to it. It's definitely a slow getting started Right, you know, there's a lot of talking a lot of singing. There's a lot of singing. There's a lot of singing Oh my god, I forgot I was singing with the guy. Does the audiobook do you, was it that like deep voice band? He was like, roll, roll, roll. It's kind of fun to, it's really exciting to listen to. It's for an audiobook, because it's this old dude singing.

And I forgot how much I hated Tom Bombadil. Yeah, you know, I don't, Tom Bombadil. Is it a character that was omitted in the movie? Yeah. For good reason. And there's like two or three chapters with him. And I was like, oh my God, I don't, Tom Bombadill, is that a character that was omitted in the movie? Yeah. For a good reason. And there's like two or three chapters with him. And it's like, oh my god, I get it. But he doesn't really affect the story at all. No.

So it's one of those things where it's like, it makes so much sense to cut Tom Bombadill and probably, I mean, from the books, I mean, it's whatever, I'm out of it. There's literally no conflict, I think, in that first book, until, like, at the very end, when Boramir tries to take the ring for himself, it's boiler. Oh, they're being hunted. Yeah, but there's never like any real danger. Like there's they there's danger in the

minds of Moria. Yeah, there's and and they're being hunted at all time. There's no other encounter though. They were done. I guess when they're on the river close to the end of the book. Yeah, the orcs are on the other side of the river. So they're like, oh, there's orcs over there. Let's go to this side of the river. Oh, thank God we're safe now. There's a river here. How is impressions or his voices of different characters? Pretty good. Can we have like 10 minute movie reviews where you just old book reviews on iTunes, just down at one fridge movie, and it's just you with your opinion like that. Yeah, so I'm, yeah, we should do that. But I'm going into the two towers now, but it's

hard to... Two towers is like my favorite. I know they're good. It's good, but should do that. But I'm going into the two towers now, but it's hard to- Two towers is like my favorite. I know, they're good. It's good, but it's hard. Like I'm on such a downer after fellowship. I don't want to do this. You made it through, to me the fellowship is, that is the slow one. Yeah, it definitely is. That was the quest, cuss.

Well, just got to get through it. Yeah, yeah, that was your point. Well, second one's the best, right? Movie wise. I think so. It's my favorite book and my favorite movie. So, yeah. I think in the movie a lot of the stuff at the end doesn't make sense because they cut

some things. Like the whole... I always watch the extended version so... Oh right, yeah. We don't all have Christa Maristime. You really like the first movie? It's so boring. It's not a...

Yes. Oh. You're talking about the books. really like the first movie it's so boring I know I yes oh I you're talking about the movie so we're having different what you said it was like your favorite book in the movie I've never seen you get aggressive before that was awesome Chris is talking about his shut up seriously though I'm just saying it's it's okay it's a place you can you can admit it

who's this on Twitter at all-purpose nerd is saying, J.R.R. Tolkien was the kind of author who'd write a paragraph about an epic battle and one and a half pages about a piece of bread. Sounds about right. He did, yeah, that's true. Or about like the scenery and then not the things that are happening. Yeah, he does a lot of that, like, of setting the scene and describing the background, and then you're not really so much in the present. Do you ever wonder what a movie would be like if the author directed it of an existing movie?

It's happened by a bunch of different... Didn't Stephen King direct a movie? I don't know. Of his own. He directed, didn't he? I would love to have it so that they just redo it. Like, I would love JK Rowling to do Harry Potter. Just do all the movies again.

Just see what they like. Yeah, just wake them up. Well, you know, didn't she wrote the script for the new Harry Potter movie, right? I would say she wrote the screenplay. I want to say, I might be wrong, but I think she like, she didn't write it book, she just wrote the script. Director, the only thing he has ever directed,

the only thing Stephen King has ever directed is maximum overdrive Not thinner which classic which he did right and did the screenplay for Never seen maximum overdrive 1986 I think you see no graphic novels wasn't the guy who did the Who do the spawn graphic novel Todd McFarlane? Yeah, I didn't Didn't you do did you do the small no what the fuck am i thinking of anyway

i think that's what it was since it he would have since it he'd be a day and you know the other guy got it uh... he could have been there thank you yet he held the record uh... frank Miller to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to get to T.J. Miller is not a director, dude. He co-directed it, though, right? There you go. The pranked Miller. I said, Frank Miller.

And then you were like, T.J. Miller. I don't know. Who's T.J.? T.J. Miller is the dude, the comedian. Well, he's an actor. He was in stuff. And going back for a second to, um, fellowship of the rings. Sorry, I gotta keep talking about it now.

Um, fellowship of the ring. Is it fellowship? You're right, fellowship of the ring. Um, I, I don't know how, I've read this book before, I've seen the movies. I don't know how I never made this connection. Like they clearly tell you, but the book is so boring I must have zoned out every other time. I never realized that our win is Galadriel's granddaughter.

Yeah. Yeah, there's all sorts of little like, you know, that, like, um, all sorts of little like, you know, all sorts of little like relationship things that you don't pick up on between the movies, I think. Honestly, I enjoy the movies and I've never heard the books. I find the wiki fascinating, just more fascinating than the movies. I like just reading about the characters. Really? And like, what kind of, like I wanted to know what Gandalf was, I was like, what is he? Oh, well the Christ is he. And he's like a race of his own.

Yeah. There's like a rabbit hole too of other articles that you get linked to within it. You can you can die in with those people. You can spend us and die. Yeah, it was CGP Gray right? He did that great video. Yeah. CGP Gray did the the Lord of the Rings mythology explained. I don't know if you've ever seen that video. Oh, I think I have. Oh yeah. It's really good. Like that was more interesting than fellowship of the rip. Yeah, great primate for reading the book or watching the movie. Yeah, it's like, oh, like a, probably like a 10 minute way to get it all explained to you. Like, great done. So it's pretty good.

But so I still love that that series anyway, despite how slow and terrible the first book is. Have you listened to the Game of Thrones audiobooks? Oh yeah, a couple of times. Is it about the way the narrator does the voices for every character, especially Tyrion? He sounds like a creepy child molester? The only thing that bothers you is that those books for the show. The books came out over such a long period of time.

And I'm sure the audiobooks recorded over a long period of time too, that sometimes from book to book, he forgets the accent he was doing, and the character's accent will change. Oh really? Yeah, like, are you became Irish in the fourth book? Fault blood.

Yeah, it's like all of a sudden like, oh, okay, that's different now. That's about the only thing that drives me crazy with that. Do you think they'll ever redo the audiobooks with the cost of the show? No. I think that would help sales. Maybe you have to pay a lot of people. There's a lot of people, a lot of money, a lot of time. A lot of money you'd make back there.

What if they could just take the dialogue from the show? Well, because there'd be so much time on the visit. It'd be like, Macy Williams doing Arya and then it cut to the Irish one. And then it'd like you get like an impersonator to do the lines that they didn't do from the show and you just like mix them together. Got it. It'd be hard to do some of those characters because the voices are so great on the actors.

Yeah, but it's, I don't know, I feel like the guy who does the narration for Game of Thrones books is really good. It's Rodo Trees. We talked about that before. Yeah. You placed the pyromancer in. We actually were talking about last week on the podcast and I was complaining that I could hear other people talking on the

Sometimes I can hear like paper shuffle. Well, I someone said something to me that made total sense Someone said I was hearing the other side of the tape Because it was recording from tape Like if someone's cassette that they just uploaded. Yeah, they're given to audible or something But it's probably him reading on the other side because you flip a cassette. There was some of that in Red vs. Blue, right? Like there was a sound effect that had somebody talking or a cough, that's what it was.

Yeah, it was an ambient noise for blood goals. Blood goals, yeah, yeah. It was like every like two minutes you heard somebody cough in the game. No, no, like in our recording of it, like we would be recording the game, but unknowingly we had a mic on as well. So you took a live mic as well as the game? No, no, like in our recording of it. Like we would be recording the game, but unknowingly we had a mic on as well. So you took a live mic as well as the game? Yeah, we didn't know. We know what we were doing. Like every couple of minutes you would hear like a cough

in the background. I always liked including goofs like that in the outtakes. Yeah, we did the two. That's why we did it. There was a, there was one where Jeff was doing a line read and he bumped his face on the mic or something. So I recorded it for the outtakes and had Griff slam into some like a box or something. But I put it in, I always used to love doing little touches like that. Did you do the, there was a line I think in recreation where Joel's trying to do a caboose line and he just can't get through it. And like the machinima for the outtake is just him constantly trying to do the line over and over and over and then finally Joel gives that failure sigh

and he could boost his head. I just down the head. He actually sighed and the cover goes, it's like completely epitomizes to all. Yeah, absolutely. I always feel bad for putting stuff on that in outtakes. But I remember, that was really good though. I remember whoever made the outtakes for Captain Dynamic

was brutal to Joel. Because there was one line he was flubbing over and over again and he was getting annoyed and it was all left in. Like it's all in the outtakes. Joel looks miserable. So we might have been, who's probably either Matt or Nathan Zelner. I imagine it was Nathan.

Who put those together? Yeah. We back in the day. Good times. People don't know this, but Nathan hates Joel. There you go. And that's how it expressed itself. We have the Captain of Dimer cow takes.

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for keeping people's internet communications safe. Thank you. I never knew it was pronounced that way. Yeah, it's kind of intimidating word. I think it's always read it differently. I think it's so skew something. Yeah, it's one of the more difficult ones to say. I'm sure it's like Rooster Teas,

like it just spawnss a whole other conversation. Then one other thing I do want to mention is that if you're watching this episode on YouTube, just a reminder, we do stream these podcast recordings live Monday evenings at Rooster Teeth.com. You can click on the link below in the description for more information about how you can watch and get a 30-day free trial so that you can also watch us make flubs that get cut out from the final and tweet us and you can tweet us you've watched it right now live. People already had it a check. They are crazy. Yeah, but we're just reminding them and we're leaving the other viewers know. So we have a guest this week. Probably the most

well-received guest we've ever had. and the most requested to come back and the most requested time We have Sally LaPage somewhere off camera. There she is. You want a clear space for her? Why are there so many? Hello? Hello, I'm going in the middle. Okay This is the first time you've been on the actual set right it is last summer in some random bar We yeah, we're really noisy bar as well. It's South by Southwest 2015 We we got to ask all of our stupid science questions to you. Mm-hmm. Um And I hate you have more we have more as if I didn't answer all of your questions the first

Well, there's your questions just answers just raise more questions Chris has no questions Chris's questions were all terrible They all got rejected. So we look at your questions. I said you need to go to the doctor Yeah, basically no and then and then, and then, and then, well, I only had one. One of them was like, what is toilet paper bad for your hospital? How sad about questions? So then I said we weren't doing it before,

we started the podcast. I told Chris, we were not doing any of his questions. And he said, well, can I still answer them? I have my own theories about these questions. And Chris, nobody, that's what the podcast is always for. This we're talking about. Just tell us about your personal health problem, show. Well, no, I mean, all right, well, so.

Tell the world. I feel like toilet paper ends up like scratching your butt a lot. There has to be a better way, right? What do you mean scratching your butt? Like, all right, you cut in your anus? Well, it's just like if you're cleaning your butt and then it's just you keep going back and just like going back and going back.

That's why I think bidets are so, getting so popular because they kind of bypass the whole like. We're just by better quality, Lou Roll. Oh. I mean, I think I buy pretty nice. What do you buy? I don't know the one.

I don't know the names of it. I just like buy one. That is not the best. But you know it's good. I know it's good, because I don't buy the cheap one. I just buy like whatever one is like nice. The baby wipes.

That's another thing. Would that be the paper? Oh, don't flush baby wipes though. Do not flush baby. Otherwise you get fat bugs, which ice bugs made a fat that clog up your sewers. And people have to go down into the sewers with like pickaxes to get rid of the fat.

Because when people also pour down animal fats, so like after a roast, they'll pour all the fat, because when people also pour down animal fat, so like after a roast, they'll pour all the fat down the drain, it'll solidify, with all of these baby wipes, they've been flushed down the loo. Oh, are they big? And then you block the entire sewage system, and this poor guy has to go down and manually release. I was hoping you would say instead of pick access at the end of like blow torches and milk And just imagining that smell nice I think the smell is bad enough as it is. Yeah, that's awful

Well, I'm glad you're here. It's a week learned about fat birds I'm gonna Google search it my question being on toilet paper is like obviously back in the day Like with evolution stuff. You want to see fat birds? There wasn't always toilet paper like how did people clean their butt before? There was pop, it was the most popular method. Maybe like leaves and ponds. That's not what I was wondering. Well, in the Roman times it was sponges.

So natural sponges. You're asking the questions that I do, we cut. I really hate them. But before that, I don't know. I imagine leaves or maybe just your hands and you'd wash it afterwards. Well, I think it's some cultures people still use hands, don't know, I imagine leaves or maybe just your hands and you'd wash it afterwards. Well, I think it's some cultures people still use hands, don't they?

Ooh. It's a blear, don't they? You wipe with the left to eat with the right or something? You're still holding Leroy when you do that. That's. I think it's a rag and then they clean it afterwards and they just hang it on the screen. A sponge sounds awful though, because you get little.

No, I'm serious. No, I'm not. It's not that you're not serious. Like, can we move on to the real glitch, Jait? I don't want to talk about wiping your butt hole all night. You asked us to come out with questions. Yeah, and I've got the questions. And I was like, I told Chris we're not doing his.

And he did it. And we were like, he's got an advocacy system now. No, he does it. I guarantee he does not. There's more. It's just festering in there like a fat bird. I looked up Google images of fat birds. I do not do that.

That is nightmare fuel. Okay, could you burn it as fuel? It's fat. Possibly, yeah. Why not? Have a little fat bird candle stick a wick in it. Give it a go. You'd be like one of those joke candles

that smells bad that people get. Okay, some questions. Brandon, this is one of yours. Has technological evolution replaced biological evolution in humans, and then you elaborate? I need to, yeah, I can't. So, say? I love this, this the elaboration that gets me. The, oxygen and nitrogen, and I have a cinnamon allergy.

Other people who are allergic to cinnamon and I would have died off if this would have happened during most of human history, thereby keeping the human gene pool from potentially deadly genetic disease. But now we just have to invent the cinnamon breathing machine and people would be fine. I've never seen anyone misspell cinnamon that way. Hey, it's not my fault. It's Google cat or Google died It's in a moon C.I.N.E.M.O.O Congratulations, that's what would you say the Brandon is the most unable to write that way? That's amazing. He spelled it right also, but then he spelled it cinnamon. No

No, it's part of the question to your credit Google does not think that word is misspelled. Yeah, I know that's probably why it was so it's like a kids cartoon I check look I look for red squiggly's and if it's not they thought it was a proper like someone's a name All right, so so has technological evolution replaced biological evolution in humans I guess so I mean we don't really have sorry my microphone is Raming into my chin if I need my chin is more interesting than me So we don't have cinnamon as a well-known isotope in the atmosphere. More right, but if. We do have much more relevant things. So for example, diseases have, you could have asked, and it would have been a great question,

have we got to the point where we've managed to technologically mean that we can live with diseases that previously would have killed us? Which is essentially the question you were asking, which is a valid question. I'm very interested in one. Congratulations, Brandon. Well, it's only, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no to procreate with everyone else, they would naturally die, right? They're by eliminating the problem, whereas now we can keep them from dying. It's exactly the same with disease, but more less likely to happen. Anyway, so if there was a situation in which one group of people were more likely to die. Yes, that is what I am describing. Let's take the example of asthma. So, before

we had modern medicine, children with asthma would die, because there was no way to get around an asthmatic fit, they'd more like to get diseases, and so infant mortality was huge. We're only going back to Victorian times, so a couple of hundred years or so. And... It's a Queen Victoria, right? That yeah, Queen Victoria. It's pretty strong. It's pretty strong. It's a pretty powerful age named after you. It's awesome.

It's all the Queen's, Victorian, Elizabethan. And so in those days, you would have died. Now, we have modern medicine, which is a technology. And so because of that technology, we have people alive with asthma that should have died. And so, yet, technology is changing the selection pressures, the things that are killing us, and so in that way, we'll change our evolution. So maybe it doesn't replace biological evolution, but it augments or helps it.

Well, biological evolution is kind of you reacting to your environment. But as humans, we have an influence on our own environment which then has an influence back on us. Okay, are there any... Okay, no, no, I'm going to go down that... Right. I have a question. Oh God.

Well, okay. So, do you think humans are weaker as a species because of our technology? So this was what people thought kind of at the start of the 20th century when a lot of this Darwinian stuff and genetics were both coming together. It then founded eugenics and Hitler, unfortunately, because if you take it literally survival of the fittest, then you could say that you want to breed out genetic diseases, but I mean there's no need to, if people can live. It's not as you can cure it.

Yeah, it doesn't really matter if someone has asthma, because they can just get a little inhaler and it's fine. Yeah, sure. Why not? Yeah. On Twitter, eRoc393 just tweeted, Google fat burgs, I regret everything. We did warn you. We did warn you.

I told you not to do that. It was like when Jared Lito told people to Google, what was that wig? You remember? Was it the Merkin? Uh, what? The pubic wig? Yeah Was it the Merkin? Uh, what? Peabick wig? Yeah, it was gross. What's wrong with it?

What? Okay, so that answer you just gave kind of ties in to the next question Brandon had. Okay. Does Darwin's survival of the fittest apply to personalities in early human history? For example, would Gus' disdain for hanging out in groups instead of a commute? This doesn't even make sense. Oh, I probably started editing and then I got distracted. Would Gus' disdain?

Would Gus' preference for hanging out alone instead of in a community wipe him out during caveman times? Well, firstly, yes, there was selection on personalities. Interestingly, humans aren't the only species in which we see personalities So a lot of my friends studied great tits back in Oxford because we've got a big word where we study all the great tits These are great tits, you know, right? You know about great tits, right? That's another question Gavin. What are great tits? It's a bad. Exactly. Oh, yeah Actually a question about Great Tips. Great tips, yeah. Yeah, you did think I could.

But Oxford has some great tips. It has some Blutitz as well, called it. So there are small, perching, songbird, it comes to garden. And they have personalities as well. So humans aren't the only ones with personalities. But humans are really social species. The reason we've done so well is because we form these social groups. And a lot of the time we wouldn't be able to do things on our own. So for example, if you're hunting for meat, one of the things that you can do is as a group

of people is walk up to a lion. I'm not making this up. You walk up to a lion that's already made a kill, scare the lion away and take his food from him. Chris, how would you scare the lion away with a group of people? Oh yeah, exactly. Correct answer, pretty good. Basically, you just had to walk up to it because there's so many of you that it scares the lion away.

So, sorry, if a great tit has a personality, does that mean it's a person? No. Then why isn't there a word for it? You'd probably call it like a titanally. A group of behavioral traits. Fair play. I'm glad you heard for that. I would have just stared at him.

So yeah, so if you weren't able to socialize, then you wouldn't get the meat and you die, for example. But that's why we have so many adaptations that help us to be in groups. So blushing, for example, they think is, it's a sign that you know that you've done something wrong. So please don't throw stones at me and kill me. I know I did something wrong. There's no need to kick me out of the group for doing something wrong. And blushing is a way of

They think possibly directing attention towards you When you need help it's a visible cue you can fake crying, but you can't fake a blush. What can you? I've never tried you look pincher cheeks, right? I mean there's blusher You mean the makeup yeah, oh yeah that's the blusher. You mean the makeup? Yeah. Oh yeah.

So, were there other groups of people that didn't have these features like people who didn't cry or didn't blush and they just didn't survive? And so, like, this got kind of like smaller attributes and it up becoming species wide because they were more, you were more likely to survive if you had that. Well, that is the general principle of evolution. Yeah. So, I mean, general principle of evolution, yeah. So, I mean, I can't tell you for certain that there was definitely a person back then

that didn't have it and died as a direct result of that. But yeah, it's a small change can increase the number of kids that you have slightly. So, on average, you're maybe like 0.1% more likely to have kids or something, but over evolutionary time, millions and millions of years, tiny, tiny changes in how well you do in having kids will make a difference to your species.

What's funny to me is to think like he's talking about crying as a way to direct attention that you need help. And I think about some work that people are doing in trying to make cars more user-friendly. Like, oh, if we could make a frowny face or an unhappy face on a car, then people can relate to it. This is a thing. So they're designing robots with faces because humans are so good at finding faces and things. I think there's an actual whole Twitter feed of faces and things. Yeah, yeah. It's good.

And like your American sockets all look like little unhappy faces Because we're so designed to spot faces part of our living in groups thing But also part of a is that a predator over there. It's kind of got a face Let me sense because people are starting to just communicate now with emojis. Yeah, it's like replacing basic communication or language I'm trying to pull out of it. It is easier to like sometimes I literally do want to Yeah, it's like replacing basic communication or language. I'm trying to pull out of it. It is easier to, like sometimes I literally do want to send, but there's so much longer to type that.

Oh, I understand what's our ex. What do you mean? I, you know what I mean? You said, no, I use the thumbs up all the time. Yeah, I'm saying before an emoji. Yeah, I wouldn't, oh, that's the bonus. So I've got a photo here that Barbara stole from me. It's faces, it's two boxes that are like plotting diabolically.

I made the front page of Reddit. They made the front page of Reddit, that's fucking my idea. The best one I've ever seen, I think it was a lamp or something. And it looks like a smiley face, but the cables are coming out of the mouth. It looks like a fallen ting wire. It's really good. Looks like a fat bird. Oh, let's see here.

All right, so I've got. Oh, let's see here. All right, so I've got plenty more here. All right, I think the next one is also Brandon. I'm going through allegras first. Sweet. Humans and Dalton are the hard ones out of it. Do you think it'll be spelled correctly? I'll let you know if there's any errors.

It's been hard to read your questions because sometimes they don't make sense. And there's words misspelled. And that's why I've been kind of stumbling Get trying to get through that. Okay Humans and dolphins feel pleasure for sex. What about all other organisms? Do dogs feel pleasure? If is that why they come sex or they take it over by pheromones from females in heat?

So I guess do other animals procreate for recreation and not just for making making babies. So there are other animals that procreate not just for making babies that have sex. So a lot of the time you'll have sex as a kind of power struggle almost. So in Benobos they famously make love not war. They have sex every time they meet as a way to settle higher arcies within the group. Benobos are relatives of chimpanzees. There are a type of chimpanzee. Yeah, Jeremy, instead of like, you and me, let's take this outside. It's like, let's shag this out. That's bad. So Hyenas, the females have an enlarged clitoris called a pseudopenus. So essentially, the women have dicks.

Sudo dicks. Sudo dicks. And that makes life easier. The females are more dominant than males. So you have an alpha female leading the group rather than alpha male. And the males have to relate the female each time they meet as a kind of dominance thing. It seems like a super outdated term, pseudo penis.

Why? Isn't that a bit sexist though? But it's like a penis, but it's not a penis. I'm like googling it right now. I guess you can say suck my dick. But the weirdest thing is though, so it may sound good that you're getting blood jobs all the time if you're a female Haim, yeah. They also have to lay their live young through their dick.

And in many cases, their penis rips into, and they bleed to death. And many of the... It's like when a banana splits you like grabbing and many of the carbs actually suffocate inside their mother's dick. As it's split off and bleeding out. Yeah, the kid can't even breathe. If it doesn't split and it just gets stuck. As an evolutionary side, how the hell did that end up like

this is the best way to make babies? Right, nose, I don't know. Yeah, I'm really thinking this is a root. This Look at each other like, this is her real. She's been rude to go down, right? Let's just have a route where most, not most, but a large number of first-time mothers die. Apparently it works. Well, there are a lot of human...

Human split a little bit, too, don't they? Yeah, you get vaginas. What? When the tissue between the vagina and the anus splits, so it just becomes... Why would he do that? Because you're pushing a baby out. That happens and I had no idea that's disgusting.

You can't birth just disgusting. Yeah, I've never heard of vaginas. I've heard of this. I've never heard that term. Yeah. It's like, the taint is gone. Yeah. Not de-gooching. You've been de-cooched.

Does it just burst or is it like a sussop? Is it like Hulk Hogan ripping off his shirt? Oh, it just blitzed. The baby's ripping it off his shirt. Yeah. Imagine having a, I don't know, a basket ball coming out of your mouth and your cheeks ripping. It's that kind of, it's because it's stretching so much. Like a burkonstructure.

It's just rips. Yeah, burkonstructors are the side of their bodies, the skin will split. Really? Yeah, if they eat too much, it's okay if it splits. It's a picture of how they're being born. That's the one. It's the world's most famous vaginist, right? Just imagine his nipples and anus and it all makes sense. Yeah just like that. So does it does the female just the

pinoclorus pinoclorus? It's like a banana right? Does it heal back? No they normally die of blood loss. Oh yeah. They they know that they're getting in with this? They know what they're getting into and they get probably not. I don't know. Like you didn't tell me this is it like. Well all the ones that it happened to died. Yeah. So I don't know. So who's this on Twitter at very manly Lou Han says god damn it my vagina is literally hurting with the thought of this. Yeah my my Gucci started hurting. Oh, it's good, dude. Yeah. Okay, here's another one.

There's two more Brandon ones. Next one from Brandon. Word dinosaurs the best evolution until they weren't. They, they, they, it's better. They get kept getting bigger and bigger over a hundred million years and then they starved when the asteroid hit and limited the amount of food available. Could that happen people? Oh, it's no.

I know how an idiot. It's because I deleted fat people. I deleted the word fat. So could that happen? And I guess I, I forgot to read it. I was like, that's unnecessary. You have fat people to dinosaur. Is that what just happened? Well, I mean, the whole thing was like, that's unnecessary. You have fat people to dinosaurs, is that what just happened?

Well, I mean, the whole thing is like, dinosaurs became so big and then when food became more scarce, they were, there wasn't enough food to sustain them. But like dinosaurs existed for like, what, 100 billion years? No, 100 million years. 100 million years, 100 million years. 100 million years, immediately corrected, 100 million years.

We're gonna blow your mind. Dinosaurs still exist. Oh, the pharma. We laugh, but it was like the birds, like the smaller dinosaurs that survive, right? Yeah, that makes. Largely speaking, yeah. But it's, mm-hmm.

Oh, sorry, go ahead. I didn't mean it wrong. So it's firstly, big thing in the world of evolution. So for those of you that don't remember me from the last time, evolution is my big topic. Evolution is not progress. So things don't become the best and then stop. They're not aiming towards something.

What I meant was they existed for such a long time. I assumed they were able to adapt to their environment, you know, very well. You were never going to get perfect adaptation. Relatively. such a long time, I assume they were able to adapt to their environment, you know, very well. You were never going to get perfect adaptation. Relatively. Other than grinding himself, who was... You're never going to get perfect adaptation partly because you get arms races.

So if you've got a dinosaur and a disease, how can both of them be perfectly adapted to each other? But has there been a creature or a group of a type of animal that have existed as long as dinosaurs existed on Earth? I think you could argue like microorganisms. There may be some... Yeah, it depends. I mean, everything is... It's like an...

It's like saying, okay, I've got a rainbow that goes from blue, from red to blue. I should know what a rainbow that goes from blue, from red to blue. I should know what a rainbow is. Um, science. Um, and, is any part of it, is this end the same as that end? Well, things have been changing for all of that time. Nothing has stayed exactly the same. So it's just a what point do you call it?

Something different. A what point is it a different species? So we have these things called living fossils which like the sealer cancels, they're these ginormous fish and they've got these bony plates like armour on their bodies and we have fossils of fish that look like sealer cans from the age of the dinosaurs. Are they exactly the same? Probably not. Do they look to us who humans that rely on sight a lot? Very similar? Yes. But have things changed in that time? Probably, yeah, because they've had to adapt to different climates, different food sources, different parasites. I love how that is raising your

mind. You're not actually in class, Chris. You said dinosaurs still exist, and my next question was, how do you define a dinosaur? So, yeah, so this is the thing. So in biology, we like, I mean, everything's arbitrary, first of all, because the whole point of evolution is that everything is connected. So what point do you cut it up? It's always going to be arbitrary. But where possible you like to take, you know, the tree of life, right?

So you've got all these branches coming off. If you've got this one and this one, you want to have everything in between and not just randomly have that one and that one in a group and miss out one in the middle. So you want to take, say, all the dinosaurs, you go back to all the common ancestors of the dinosaurs, and then you take everything from that common ancestor.

So you haven't missed anything out for the science geek, that's our monopiler. And so if you take that definition, then go back through all the dinosaurs and then go back out towards modern day, you're including the modern reptiles, the modern birds and the extinct dinosaurs. And so under that definition of dinosaur, and the dinosaurs themselves, there were two big groups of dinosaurs, the non-avian dinosaurs, which died out. The avian dinosaurs, which included T-Rex,

some of them died out. Some of them didn't die out and continued evolving. So yeah, it does depend on how you define dinosaurs. Most in common parlance dinosaur means the big things that went extinct. But biologically, you can make a very sound argument to say that birds are dinosaurs. Does it ever happen in nature where, so if a lot of evolution comes from mutation? Mm-hmm, all of evolution.

Right. Can you ever get a really old mutation come back? So something from 50 million years ago, could it just suddenly be born out of one of today's creatures as a mutation of just like Jesus? Look, it happened. As in something that's always been dormant or and it's come back from... Well, like from itself. So like if a fish shits out like the 50 million year ancestor of itself. Well, so there are these things called vestigial traits which are...

I was going to save vestigial traits. Of course you were. You were going to misspell it though, somehow, while saying it. So traits that used to be adaptive that no longer are. And so for example, there are humans born with tails. Because humans have a tail,bone, the coccyx. Chris wanted to ask a question related to this, but go ahead. So your tailbone is a coccyx, which is really sore if you bang your bum. It's like a tiny little bone at the bottom of your spine.

We have the genes to make the tailbones, even though we no longer need a tail. But sometimes a mutation happens so that those tail bones that are normally tiny, tiny infused together so you can't see at all extend to be more like your standard mammalian like a rat's tail or something. And so you end up getting a tail on a human. Well, it's what's average size bone. Now, is that when you're excited or when you're not excited?

I'm saying like, now I'm worried like I don't know how long or I didn't you so these mutations like you actually have a protrusion of skin covering it so years ago It's like it feel a long time ago. I once had a girlfriend who Thank you who I Thought had like a little bump like a, did you tell? And I asked her, like if she used to have a tail when she was younger, was it like surgically removed or cut off? She did not like that.

Yeah, I was gonna say, and she slapped you off to go, he has a question, was it, did she? No, which was like even worse. Did you have to lift it up if you were doing that from behind? No, it was, it was not very big. I must have been drunk at the time. Was she self, I mean, one of those things that other people... I don't think she had ever thought about it. Nobody had ever said anything.

So you were just like the dude who asked her if she had a tail. Yeah. You ever like pull it a little bit? Oh, it sounds like... No. Now my tail hurt. My question, my fault, my question that we had before this that Justin like was, why do humans have tailbones and can they be utilized in some way,

or what can we do with them? So why we have tailbones is because we used to have tailbones. So if you think we use... Like bones in a tail. Is that what you mean? Yeah, as opposed to. I don't know, because we use that tailbone. We use that tailbone.

That's what you're saying. Oh, so yeah, so we used to have, so most tails have bones in them. Okay. And if you think of a monkey's tail, and it's climbing in the trees, and if it's a prehensile tail, which we can grab onto things, it's going to use that for balance, it's going to use that for swinging, and that was useful back then.

We no longer needed it, so we pretty much lost it, but we didn't lose it entirely. And so it gets to the point where you're no longer spending any energy and food and resources making this tale. So there's no reason to bother getting the last bit of it. Obviously, the evolution isn't talking about like bother and needing to do it, but there was no, it didn't change how many offspring you had, how many kids you had, whether you had that tiny little bit of a coxix left or not. So there was no reason to get rid of it. But to me, it's like, I would love a tail.

Yeah, and we get it back. I would love a tail. It's like a vanity tail, right? No, I want it like a practical tail that I can grab. Why would you put it when you were taking a dump? Well, if it's pretty hands-on, it could be. Spend around. It would be wiping for me, dude.

I mean, like, on. Oh, you're starting to sell me on this idea. Yeah, I mean, you're talking about what hand do you use? You don't have to use a hand. You've got your tail for it. Could it be like an elephant's trunk and suck up or be like a self? Yeah, yeah, it'd be a, it'd be a, uh,

It's a tail not an elephant's trunk. Well, I mean, we don't know about the future of evolution doing so we can we can predict that Okay, we it'd be cool regardless and one of it's like why would we get rid of it like what? Why would you get rid of the tail? It's just that you said it like we didn't need to use energy. Yeah, so Generally, you don't want to have redundant bits to your body because it costs stuff to make and you're not getting any benefits back from it. But I think I would.

And I think most people would. I mean, it's like when you're doing character creation in a video game. Yeah. It's like the tail costs a lot of points. But you're really not going to use it very often. It's like, I will put the points in other things. I might say they would get cold. It's like charisma. Right. No, I will put the points in other things. I imagine it would get cold. It's like charisma.

It's not right. No, yes, like charisma and D&D. So can we predict a future evolution of the human race based on everything we know about our past and where we came from? Not perfect, me know. Will there be other predictions? Are there predictions?

Yes, should you just take them with a pinch of salt? Yes, I mean, there are some that say that add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add add some add some add some add some add add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some add some I mean it's so stupid, I mean that's probably not gonna happen. I mean we know things like disease is gonna be a big one. Probably humans are gonna get wiped out by a disease if we don't all keep on doing that. I've been saying that for years. If we don't do what? I've been saying that. You've been reselling it too. If we don't kill each other first. No, I feel what about robots?

What about them? I mean, how viable do you think they are? How exhausting must this be? I mean, you went to school to answer, what about robots? Yeah, no, but like you're saying, I agree with you, disease and, you know, or like a bomb or something, it's gonna kill us. But also, I think robots could be like, you know, a thing that kills us.

It could be, I wonder if it would wipe out every single last human. Well, so here, you were talking about a bomb or like each other, like us wiping out each other. I could see us building a robot to destroy each other. But yes, and then, but then the robot also then just like, essentially, if we each built like soup You know like bombs and robots. I mean bomb is a machine right and a very bought is a machine

And it's like depends on why you draw the line. It has a face It's like the intelligence of a house smart is this like think this machine that we build So I suppose what you're asking is could we build something which we didn't intend to kill us but ends up killing us Yeah, so I was gone now would build something which we didn't intend to kill us, but ends up killing us? Yeah, to where is that bomb? It's going to be something which we intend to kill. Tended to kill, yeah. So could we build something that we didn't intend that could kill us?

Yeah, I mean, cause. But I don't know, I just, I think we would probably, I think humans are more stupid than robots, and I think that humans would end up deliberately using it to kill people long before the robot decided to kill people. Chris, I have a question for you. If there was a race of robots that wiped out the human race, what would they do after they They done it. What do you think they did up to? Oh man, I guess power down. Chill, they're just rest. I know, I mean what is a robot lip for?

They would want to fulfill whatever their own forever. I guess, well here's the thing is yeah, I feel like if the robot so desired to kill humans, they would have a plan at that point where like well now the humans are gone, now we can do, what is a robot or what? What does a robot want? I guess is what you're asking deep down. You know, I suppose a robot, I guess a robot might have some,

it have to have programs some sort of like happiness. What? What is the best moment of the podcast? You think it'd make more of it off? This is my favorite thing ever. You're trying to figure out what robots are once. But that's really deep right now. You're gonna be thinking out what robots want. But that's really deep right now. You're going to be thinking about what do robots want?

What is the meaning of life? I like taking Chris and having face a bunch of doors and just be like, God, you're using the light taking Chris and then making him face a mirror. And I never think of myself. It's like more. It's like more, but. So we've got one more question from Brandon.

Before I get to the last question, I do have one more thing to read here. When I'm in mind, mind, this episode of the podcast is also brought to you by Movement Watches. On the Ristuth podcast, we team up with brands that are trying to do something new. We love innovation and companies that are changing the industries they're in.

So in moving into introduce themselves and center of some watches, we're really impressed. Right now you can see I got the black face with the blue dials and tan strap on. The company started with two broke college kids and wanted to wear stylish watches but couldn't afford them. They did some research and found out that big watch brands were passing huge retail markups to the consumer. Movement decided that by selling online they were able to cut out the middleman and provide the best possible price.

Movement watches started just $95. At the department store you're looking at four to five hundred This is the latest version of the new MVMTwatches.com slash rooster big thank you to movement watches for sponsoring this episode of the podcast and Big thank you to the crew who came and refilled our beer stash while I was reading that Thanks guys. Yeah, thank you for Thursday tonight. They all gave me to me. They all gave me to you. That's correct Okay, the final question from Brandon I can't wait for the errors Well, this one actually might be okay. Let's see Was sex between homo sapiens and yandrothals considered taboo? Oh, there was no uh?

Was it was but crap? Oh, there was an alternatively actually. Alternatively, how much did homo sapiens and yandrothals get it on? Oh, yeah, it was it like every now and then, or is it like, you know? I love this question. Oh, you was it like every now and then or is it like you know, I love this question. Oh You did it Brandon

You like all of my questions though, right? This one in particular Because this is actually a hot topic in evolution right now Like I am currently here in Austin for an evolution conference and there have been talks on this topic So conference and there have been talks on this topic. So what you guys got right up with? So the thing is, is that everyone thinks of Neanderthals as this really stupid, like huge brow, they don't know anything, there's no sophistication there. Actually, they were pretty sophisticated, they had jewelry, they used to probably paint

themselves, have tattoos, they, I think, they found a cave very recently where they had broken off stalagmites and arranged them in a certain way, they had art, so they had culture, and yes, humans did have sex in the Andatals, and the amazing thing is that... You said humans, so are the Andatals not considered human? So when I say humans, I mean modern humans. There's a huge debate at the moment, whether the two are actually the same species or not. Sorry to interrupt.

So yeah, when I say humans, I mean homo sapiens and nianatologists, homo nianatalis. What's that middle one? I can't read it. Columnagman, man. Yeah, oh, I hate that kind of... Let's get into the progressive man picture later, there's so many things wrong with that. But humans and the answers, so we know that in Europe both used to live side by side for a long period of time.

But we also now can sequence genomes because it's really cheap and so we can sequence lots and lots of genomes. And when you're looking at it, when you look at European genomes, you see bits in human, modern human, like living human DNA that isn't from home-assapiens. And they're actually up to like 5% of a person's DNA can come from the undertiles. And the only way that you get the undertiles DNA in a homo sapien genome is sex. And the only way that you get like between one and, it's probably normally between one and four percent of your genome across all of Europe is having a lot of sex. So it's not just like a one-off.

Yeah, they could have had sex. We got drunk when I got drunk. That's how I can believe it. She looks so much better in the nightclub. Right, I'm the lightest on. But no, actually, there is evidence for, you need to have a substantial amount of sex to get that much DNA into our genome. What's

weirder is that they've now got... which one is it? There's another species of human over in East Asia. Oh, it's not Hyde or Burgiancis. I can't remember which one it is. All they have are a few fingertips and some teeth and evidence of its DNA in our DNA. They don't even have a whole skeleton yet. And they've been able to find a whole species from looking in our own genomes. Was it Dennis Soven? Yes. I assume mortality rate...

Google, Google, I just got to know that. They don't even have physical evidence of this species. They've only got a tiny amount of physical evidence. And normally you'd want something like a skull. So skulls are really useful. But with a few fingertips and teeth, you can't really tell. Exactly if it's horny species or not. Can they map it out with computers

as to what I would look like with Jurassic Park style? So we've got reconstructions of Neanderthals, certainly. They're all over museums. Some of them look really human, because, especially the ones in Europe would have had European ones. They can look at the genome, and we now can look at the genome in almost like 3D printed back from saying, OK, we know, for example, this one had red hair.

And not just red hair in the same way that gingers have mutations in the, I think it's the M1 CRG or something, which is what gives the majority of gingers Red Hair. Gingerness. Gingerness, yeah. And freckles? Yeah, it's the same mutation that is. It's the same gene with different mutations. Yeah, as you may be able to tell from my freckles in this Austin's done, I'm naturally a ginger.

But actually they had Red hair from a different mutation, so but we can say then that this particular individual had pale skin, had red hair, we have the skull, so we can do pretty good facial reconstruction. And so yeah, and they look really damn human. And a hilarious lecture I went to by people that really study this trying to work out Will were they similar enough that they could into breed and have offspring that will still be able to breed and have not like donkeys and horses where you get sterile mules and His response was well people have sex with pigs and goats and sheep so why wouldn't they have sex with Neanderthals?

So you have to give it a lot likethals? Yeah, we have to do this. We have to do this. A lot. Like for that. Yeah, but these are really human. But yeah, it's like... You could categorize it as human. It's like mortality rate is pretty high, right? So a lot of good amount of people didn't even make it.

So you had a... There's no condoms. Yeah, but you had to really go, like all this... No, it's... My other... So like, and what exactly happened to Neanderthals? Like, the... So they died out.

But we don't really know why as far as I'm aware. I think it's just that humans out competed them just that we bred faster. Well, I haven't even did it. We like to get it on. But the big debate is well if Neanderthals and humans were able to breathe so much, one of the standard definitions of the species is groups that can't breathe and have kids. So are we right to actually consider them as a different species? And if

so, it's not a matter of that Neanderyan Daphels died out it's just that they are part of us. It's got absorbed. Yeah. I've heard that they're actually today's birds. They had great tips. So I did a DNA sequencing several years ago. Oh yeah. And at the time they eventually told you like what percentage of your DNA is Nyan

Daphels? I'm 2.8%. I just looked it up a lot already. So that's below a lot of people. I mean, 57% of that. Can I look up? Can I look up? Yeah, that suggests your pain on the street. Well, look at those eyebrows.

I'm like, would you say, would you think I have more or less than you? Because I can look up my results too. Oh, look it up. I say you have less. You're told me? Less. That would be my guess. Yeah, sure. You're an expert. Two point eight percent. Two point eight. Oh, just not even looking at you. I'm going to say less just

because statistically more people will have less. I mean, you said you're 67 percent higher. So statistically, you're more likely to have less. Look at all. I have really hairy legs. I have a question. Can you look at someone and they'd be like well they're about 4% Neanderthal. I mean you can you tell. You could tell like this person probably doesn't have a lot of European ancestry and so probably wouldn't have Neanderthatal genes. Maybe they'd have like Denisovan genes But it's not no not really. I mean you can't just think oh, they've got a strong brow Therefore they have a lot of the undertale Do you ever get onto the subject of homosexuality? Yeah, and how far back Or as it always been homosexuality has been identified in I think 196 species and

Or homosexuals and soity, same sex behavior Has been identified in about 196 species. It's more of a matter of if we haven't if a species doesn't show same sex behavior It's just because we haven't been studying it for long enough or probably enough. Yeah, you just haven't't seen it, but it's so common in nature. Sorry, did you have another question about that? That was it. That's a good one. Okay, so thank you, Brandon, all of those were fantastic. You look yourself up. Are Wi-Fi's very slow.

All right, I'm going to move on to some of my questions. Please keep us updated when you figure it out. Remind me after that, I have a question about skulls for you. I'll ask you later. Cool. All right, so we're under my... Do you have skulls, like, that I can look at? No, that'd be creepy if you did.

Just point it out. What? If you had a bunch of skulls to look at, she'd be excited though. I don't know if you had that. I don't know if you had skull props. So, I thought you meant like, if you had like skulls, if you too late. Yeah like actual skulls.

So I so my science videos on YouTube is called Shed Science because my mum made me get a shed because I wasn't allowed to keep all the skulls and various things that I found in the house. So for my 18th birthday my parents and I went halves on buying a shed for the garden and so I kept all of my like skulls and owl pellets and dead insects in there because I wasn't allowed to keep them in the kitchen and dissect them in the kitchen. Was there anything sheddy in there,

like a lawn mower or was it just scullers and dogs? Well, so it, we bought it as a new shed. So now it has only my stuff in, yeah, the... Not even a rake. I think it's got some whelies in. Oh, that's a whelie. It's a whelie. Whelding to boots.

Rubber boots. Ah. Waders? No, waders come up higher. Whelies only come up to here. Oh, damn. Leave it to the brits, man. Sometimes you'll step in a deep puddle and your whelies will just...

Oh, it fills up your whelies and then you go take them off and turn them off and... I feel like that's happened to everyone at least once. That's a glass of beer. Okay, some of my questions. My question started off as me hating the human body. So one of the questions I had to ask is, why do humans need to eat so much? Like I'm jealous of like snakes, right? Like a snake can eat a mouse and it's good for like two weeks.

It's like humans are supposed to eat three times a day and even then like you're like snacking or drinking stuff like it's good for like two weeks. It's like humans are supposed to eat three times a day and even then you're like snacking or drinking stuff. It's just annoying. So the difference between us and Snake is we are to use the old fashioned term warm blooded and they are to use the old fashioned term cold blooded. What's the new fashioned term? Endotherm and ectotherm.

Oh, it's way better. Because there are cold blooded animals, so for example, tuna are cold-blooded because they're fish, but because they're so big, when you move your muscles, that generates heat. They're so big that they're able to trap that heat and be hotter than their environment, and a lot of reptiles deliberately bask in the sun so that they can be a good 5-10 degrees hotter than their environment, even though they're not generating their own heat. Well, that seems like a waste then, so that we eat so much

just to stay warm. But it means that we can live in environments where you wouldn't be able to get your heat from the environment. So these reptiles are forced to stay in places where it's warm, and in the winter they have to hibernate. It's like all people. All me I feel like I'm cold blood is on cold all the time. So do you have to eat more in the cold? So you have to eat more the more heat you generate. So yeah if you're in the cold so when you're traveling across the Arctic for example you have really high energy requirements. You have to eat peanut butter all the time. You got to take fat birds with you. Peanut butter I think is the fat burger choice. So yeah so snakes are cold-blooded,

they're not generating their own heat, and heat is kind of what we waste most of our energy on. So they're not doing that, and when they're digesting, they just hide and borrow and don't move. So that energy requirements are much lower, so they need less. But you would want to do that, probably.

Well, it seems like we could eat less if we all just always wore like insulated jackets and it's like kept our body heat trapped that way we had to generate less heat. Is our body that's stupid? That it's always trying to generate heat even if we're already hot? It's like either you can have your phone on

and constantly recharging it because you're always wanting to use your phone all the time, including at night, or you can just charge that once and then have it off all the time. I mean, they're two perfectly viable strategies, but I imagine you'd kind of want to use your phone and not just have it switched off. I mean, the battery life is great if you have your phone switched off all the time, trust me. But you can't just switch off though.

Well, that dials can. But a human couldn't. Rep, because we have chosen the other route. We took the blue pill. But because we have chosen the other route we took the blue pill When we're still in the ice we're still in an ice age, right? We're not like a mini ice age. It's not a little ice age. I thought we were at the tail end of an ice age That mean we're always at the tail end of an ice age. It's cyclical Right, but then is it don't we get to the point where we are not we are zero I say 300 years ago But no well

When human being weren't humans So now I just I'm so it's It's about more of our history human history where we in like really cold weather or really periods of our time when we were in a nice age. And being warm breathed, blooded out. Yeah, that would have helped. So we would have had, but though we still can't go as far north as possible, we do have a limit to our range unless you start getting into technology, which is like what we were talking

about earlier. Clothes are an amazing form of technology. Sewing is a really revolutionary technology. Because once you can sew, you can sew your bits of animal skin together, so the drafts don't get in. And you keep warm and you can fit it so that you're not kind of in a poncho where your arms are having to stick out underneath. I never thought about how cool sewing. Is that true, right? I wouldn't glue do the same thing. I'm having to stick out underneath you can move your arms. I never thought about how cool sewing. Is that true, right?

I wouldn't glue do the same thing. Yeah, but it's a lot harder to come by glue than it is the red. All you need is like a task and some vine to do sewing whereas glue you need some special plant bulbs. You can use snow drop bulbs to glue if you're a bear grills. Alright, you can also drink your own piss. If you're a bear grills. All right, you can also drink your own piss. If you're bad grills. No, okay.

I got one more thing to read that we're going to continue with the questions. When I remind everyone, this episode of the Receive Podcast is also brought to you by Squarespace. With Squarespace, sites look professionally designed regardless of your skill level. There's no coding required. The offer intuitive and easy to use tools to help you along the way and you get a free domain name if you sign up for a year. Start your free trial site today at squarespace.com slash Ristrate. When you decide to sign up for Squarespace, make

sure to use the code Ristrate, get 10% off your first purchase. Squarespace, build it beautiful. You could build a website talking... What is Squarespace? ...putting... Oh, you do? Yeah. It's a good service. See? You could make your own science. So, by me. Use your Squarespace. I think it's crazy to think how far it's come. Like I used to make websites by typing shut out

and it's way easier now. Can we go back to that just for a day? Just give that to your original site. God no. It's terrible. It'll be funny. It's awful. Little April fools.

That's not. I have my percentage. What was yours, 2.8 2.8 2.7 I should brag about that or statistics. Yeah, I'm more near underhull than you. Yeah, I'm first among my friends Are we not friends on this? I guess I'm sorry. It's a worse social media side ever Let's see. Let's just compare I mean it could be the weirdest social video site. Imagine if you're like, did you know that your best friend is actually your first cousin?

I, yeah, I found relatives via it because it'll connect you. Yeah. You're like, I think I got it. Someone who, someone who, I want to know how much you just goz in a cup or something. No, you spit into, yeah. I mean, it would be quite difficult for women to do that. To do what?

To go up into a cup. Oh, I was just talking about a spit difficult for women to do that. To do what? Do I go through to a cart? I was just talking about a spit. Oh, okay, cool. No, he's like, gob, right? Where would you say? Anyway. I don't even know what a gob is. Apparently it's blueage.

No. No, you spit it. Your gob, it's a mouth. No, your gob is your mouth and you can gob on someone and you've spat on him. I mean, never worth working. We're making the brits fight now. Have you never gob done someone and be like, yeah, you just gobed on me?

No, I'm a marksled. Just keep on. I'm a marksford too. See, what we're learning is Gavin just makes upwards. Do we take the horseback? It's just like British, you Americans won't understand. That's what you're doing on my secret. Oh, he's really suspected of this.

It's all in gravely for you right now, Batman. He's getting called. No, I think the government on someone is a northern phrase. All right. I'm open to all language. Do you really mean the north of England? I use your slang sometimes. Yes, it's not really.

Is it Prozi? No, I had to say something. The northern English have the weirdest phrases ever. You're slaying sometimes. Yes, it's funny. It's a bit noisy. No, I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something.

I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something.

I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. I had to say something. No, what is tossing me about bug the other day toss it over there All right Back to the back to the real

Okay, this one actually is from Brandon also it got tacked on to one of my questions. Oh, it was an optional You know, it's good. Okay Why will water kill us if we drink too much make up your mind? Well because you're you're basically your question was why do you have to drink too much. Make up your mind. Well, because your basic question was, why do you have to drink so much water? Yeah, and then I asked if vodka's soda's count. But why will water kills? Like it's something that they say,

the human body's made up of whatever percentage of water and that you need to drink all this water. Why is it something that's so necessary? And that's a part of us, why can it kill us if we drink too much of it? Because otherwise your brain will explode. Pretty much. So you know how

cells make up the human body. And a cell is a membrane bag with a load of water and shit in the middle. My lad is wearing her. I'm so cheque-afterward. You said vaginas. That's not swearing. It's not really PG, is it? Ha ha. Um. Oh, I want to just spit take. And so you've got all of these salts and minerals and proteins and whatever inside. And if how much do you remember about high school biology, do you remember osmosis? That's resounding. Probably not.

No, it's where you absorbed through contact pretty much. Like, frogs absorb water through osmosis. Yeah! Okay, yeah! Sorry, I didn't mean to be quite so patronizing. It's pretty good for someone who used to crouch on a toilet to take a dog. So yeah, so it's the kind of, if you've got a high concentration in one place of, I don't know, salt in one place and a low concentration of salt in another place, then the water will

move to try and equalize the concentrations. So in this case, you'll have all the water moving from the low concentration to the high concentration. So back to the brain. So if you drink a load of water, you're flooding your cells, so around your cells, you've got a really dilute solution, because you've got loads and loads of water, far more water than you normally would have. Inside the cells, there's still really concentrated

with all these salts in your ions, the minerals, and all those things that they tell you to take. And so all this water will start rushing into the cells to try and equalize the concentrations. This is just chemistry, it just happens. This means that because there's now more water inside there's cells expand and your brain which is even more water than the rest of your body will all expand. Unfortunately it's trapped inside a solid skull which can't expand so the pressure builds up and builds up on your brain

and starts squashing back down on the brain and all this high pressure on your brain causes so much damage and strokes and seizures and whatever, and you'll die from too much pressure on your brain. I think I've just come up with the perfect evolution for our future, just like a shit vent, maybe like a hole in the side of your head. And it just, no, it's not the less for actual shit, but it's just be like excess poison, or I've had too much of this, I've overdosed on that, and it just fires it out the less for actual shit, but it's just be like excess, you know, poison or I've had too much of this

I've overdosed on that and it just fires it out the side of your head. So that called your anus, dude But nothing that doesn't work with it. What does it like if you drink too much like to prevent alcohol poisoning? Yeah, yeah Sometimes have to drill a hole in your brain to release the pressure That's a question I had actually was gonna follow up with I read the starter call about this guy who drilled a hole in your brain to release the pressure. That's a question I had actually. I was going to follow up with, I read the starter call about this guy who drilled a hole in his head because he thought it would like help his brain breathe or something and he just did it himself which is I thought was crazy.

I can't remember the name of it. It was like treponing or something. Trepain, that's it. Yeah. It used to be really common in the same way the blood letting they thought that you had bad spirits in your blood. So if you let out some of your blood, it would get rid of the diseases. They thought that if you drilled a hole in your brain, then it would let out some of the spirits or whatever. Which in itself isn't too bad, but thinking about how dirty the medical equipment was in

those days, that would just get an infection and die. But actually drilling a hole in your skull bit would hurt the skin around the skull, but your brain doesn't have any nerve endings on the, like any touch or pain on the surface of the brain. So once you've got a hole in your brain, you can poke your brain and it won't hurt, you won't be able to feel it. So what's a headache? you won't be able to feel it. So what's a headache? Um, headaches, I don't mean entirely no, but I think migraines is when your blood vessels in the brain have been constricted, and then they suddenly open up and let more blood flow through, and for some reason that causes pain, I don't know. So it's like pins and needles of the brain.

Sort of, yeah. It's an engraving from 1525, but it's true panning. So it would just be... I'm not putting that it would just be it would just be a drill. Put it on the screen. Why not? It's cool. All right, it's not. We've given you about warning. So yeah, so this is a drawback.

Back then the tools and things were bad and you get infections. Yeah, but is there any benefit? We still do this for people that have pressure building up in the brain. Some game of throwing shit right there. But is there any benefit like beyond like someone have pressure building up in the brain. Some gamers throw in shit right there. But, is there any benefit like beyond, like someone has pressure building up in the brain? Like I dated it. No because then you're opening up your brain which is a really sterile environment. Like there are so many things in place to keep things out of your brain.

If I took the top of your skull off and gobb did it. But if I can't. it. Would you be doomed? Probably not. I honestly don't know. I mean there will be white blood cells so you're infection fighting cells around. It depends how bad your saliva is I'm just mainly just gonna be bare at this point. That's probably fine then. Yeah, it's a little beer. That's fine Okay Next question What is the Brexit and where you stand on it? So I am so glad this is broadcasting before Thursday you'd hate politics in this podcast this British politics it doesn't count

Oh, it counts. People are mad about it. I mean, I've already got a trouble tweeting about it. I've seen you. What did you tweet? Well, people are annoyed because I didn't live there and I shouldn't have the right to say what goes on there. Do you get a vote?

Yeah, I'm a citizen of the UK. There's a little background here. That's why I was curious. Well, that's why I was curious to know because Gavin is British but lives in the US but obviously you do not live here. Correct.. I was curious to know because Gavin is British but lives in the US but obviously you do not live here. Correct. So I was curious to get your feedback.

Brexit is a really ugly portmanteau of the word British and exit because currently Britain is within the European Union, the EU, which is a conglomeration of a lot of European countries and the reason that we have the EU is so that all the different countries can trade with each other. And it started off after World War II because after two world wars in Europe we decided that we'd better kind of put some system in place so that Europe doesn't completely kill itself. And so everyone decided that yet there would be peace in Europe and everyone would be able to trade with each other and part of it was that Someone in one EU country is free to move to any other EU country and even live there without a visa

And work and work this if I want to move to Paris I don't have to fill out any paperwork other than getting a house there and they won't keep track of it So yeah, this is the EU so you'll'll notice that Switzerland, which is the white country in the middle, is not part of the EU. Neutral in everything you fucks. And there are some countries that aren't. And so originally, it was more of the western ones. And so all those smaller countries on the right,

the ones in green, have been added recently. And even smaller ones in white, often want to join. Isn't Turkey part of the EU now? They want to join I think Okay, I'm looking at it. It's really protracted joining the EU now because if you want to join the EU there are a load of rules You have to have a certain standard of human rights. You have to have certain trade things in place and

We joined at the start And we joined at the start, and we joined at the start. So we were part of the people that set it up, that when I see we, I mean Britain. Never did the Euro though. Yeah, we decided that this is a great idea for you guys, but we just kind of, we want to get all the benefits of the EU without having to actually pay any of the cost of the EU. Get it like that sterling, right? Yeah. So it is quite as great. So we have we have the pound we have pound sterling rather than the

euro. So every other country probably not every I'm sure you'll tell me if I'm wrong. Well Sweden doesn't there are some countries that see the vast majority of countries all have the euro. So if I go to France I can pay for things in euros using the same euros as I would pay in Spain or in Germany. This in itself causes problems because I mean this is an entertaining podcast. I don't really want to go into how Germany has a really strong economy, weak has a really poor economy, normally countries can change the value of their currency in order to kind of balance out their economies. If you're all sharing an currency, you can't change inflation rates and whatever. That's far too technical. The most important thing about Brexit is that

we are currently having a referendum on the Thursday as to whether we should leave the EU. Why do you want to? This is the thing, why would anyone want to leave it easy? So the benefits we get from the EU are things like science in particular, we get loads of science funding from the EU. Freedom of travel is really important if you want to work with different labs. But some of the big issues are immigration at the moment. So you've got Donald Trump over here. We have, I asked, we kind of got Boris Johnson, he's got the same city here.

Did he used to ever go to your school? Because he was the MP. He used to go to Oxford, but he wasn't at our college and he is banned from our college. He used to student body banned him because he used to come to my town and like visit all the schools before he was mayor and then. Yeah, so he was mayor of London. That's him. I should point out, rumours are going round that if we do vote to leave the European Union, our current prime minister will have to step down and he will almost certainly take over, which isn't great. So the thing about having freedom of movement between all of these countries is that when the newer poorer

countries join, everyone thinks, oh, like all of the Polish and all of the Romanians and all of the Turks will want to come to the UK for jobs, and they will steal our jobs and then we will like lose all our money and because we're in the EU we are unable to prevent them from coming because it's part of being in the EU that there's freedom of movement. And also the EU is known for so much bureaucracy and so they think well if we were out of that we could save money and we wouldn't have so everyone pays money into the EU according to how big their country is so we pay a lot of money into

the EU. We actually get the vast majority of that money back in tax subsidies and yeah that vast is a lie. There was a great bit on last week's tonight with John Oliver West talking about tonight would you all over the rest of the talk? You smashed it. Yeah, I feel that. So the big thing is, either we can stay in the EU and have to be subject to all of this EU laws, but at least we have it seat at the table to change the laws in our favor. Or we could leave the EU. We would still have to negotiate to be part of free trade, because we're a tiny country, we can't cope

not trading with our nearest neighbors. So we're going to have to trade with Europe. They won't let us trade with them unless we agree to some rules that they set. Are you still going to have to follow all the EU laws but we'll no longer be able to negotiate them? So I cannot see a single reason why we should- So like on the flip side, right, Like you talk about, like you said, people are concerned that citizens of poor foreign countries would come in and take jobs. Couldn't you just go to a poorer country

with like a lower cost of living and then live like royalty since you have more money from a wealthier nation? But the best thing is, is that there's so much data to show the immigrants are a net benefit to society. They pay more in taxes and they take in benefits. And the NHS, which is a huge hot topic in the UK, everyone loves the NHS, a huge number of doctors and nurses come from the EU. So we would lose half of our staff in the NHS if we left the EU. I voted by post.

And to everyone who said I shouldn't vote because I don't live there, do one because my family and friends are there. And it affects the future where I may spend a lot of my time. So, sod off, you wanker. Probably, don't you own like some of those? A little bit of that. Yeah

I'm still a citizen. I will vote. It's gonna be the most important vote in our lifetime Immigration is always an interesting thing to me Because like I always feel like everywhere around the world right everyone treats immigration as like a bogeyman It's like it's always you know Oh these people are gonna come in they're gonna ruin our country, but my parents were immigrants. Like, I'm a first generation American. My parents came from another country and moved here and you're like, in talking to me, you wouldn't think that.

But they're from somewhere else. You're kind of immigrant. I'm told you about the other kind of immigrant. The people who want to separate, it's just a bunch of old racist, whank stains in my country. What's interesting to me is how divisive this issue has become seemingly in the UK. Deadly, virtually. Right.

An MP died this week. So she was shot dead and stabbed and shot and the person in court when asked his name said death to traitors, Britain first or something. I'm blown away that the polls are so close. I know, right. Where are all the young smart people? You know, they don't fail the old cross in any country,

even here. Is that with age, the older you are, the more likely you are to vote out. Because it won't affect them. Yay, another thing, if we leave the EU, it's probably gonna be another recession. Yay. And that's actually a global one.

Yeah, go like it's everywhere. It's really interesting be another recession. Yay. And that's actually a global one. Yeah, global like it's everywhere. It's really interesting being in America because last time as an America, we had our general elections. And the only thing that you cared about during our general elections on the news was, oh, now David Cameron's been voted in. Scotland might leave and therefore,

the UK might lose its nuclear missiles. So all you cared about was our bombs. But now, if you're all your nuclear missiles in Scotland? Yeah. I forgot that. So now, you just told everyone what it is. It might cause a global recession. Now, literally someone came up to me on the street

yesterday. I'm so sorry, it sounds like you're English. What do you think about the Brexit? It's really weird. Never have Americans been interested in the United States. It is a kind of fascinating. Because we're obsessed with American politics. Because I go home, whenever I visit home,

and it's just like Donald Trump everywhere, I'm like, man, it's the same crap falling around. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I never really never have it the other way. Until now, it's very interesting. We probably have more media on American politics, just because it drags on for so flipping long than we do on British politics.

Yeah, much language. Interesting. Yeah, language please. This is on the internet. We have to adhere to very strict standards. Okay, back to the stupid science stuff. Okay. Sorry, one very last thing.

This is going out, which camera am I speaking to this one? Okay. Red light. This is going out on Wednesday for those of you that aren't recited, subscriber people. The referendum is tomorrow. Go out and vote for Christ's sake. Do not rely on old Voguey people to ruin your future. Go out and vote.

Is that Aegisd, what we just did there? Is that sort of offensive to? There's Aegisd to support it. Yeah, not all the old people like that. Not all, what we just did there? Is that sort of offensive to- There's data to support it. Yeah, not all the old people like that. Not all, but it is- I don't think they're watching. It's just a quick show. That's a very good point.

Um, okay. Science. Science. Yeah, sorry. Back to the lighthearted stuff. No, no, I apologize. It's interesting. If humans evolved from apes, why do apes still exist?

Why do apes so many good? Where do apes? This is literally a joke that's going around the evolution community. So if Americans came from Europe, then why do Europeans still exist? You're right. What's the point? Yeah. There's a lot of things that... Why did everyone move here?

Like a mass brexitous. Because Donald Trump... Come on, it was better than that. No, no. Brexit is in itself an awful lot, but I think they're Braxidus. Mm-hmm. Because Donald Trump. Come on, it was better than that. Yeah. Brexid isn't itself an awful thing. I don't think you can be a brexidus. So humans evolved from ape-like ancestors. And the apes also evolved from ape-like ancestors.

We did not evolve from modern apes. We both evolved from a common ancestor. Therefore, we can both coexist. Well, it's like you were saying earlier. It's like Dinosaurs. Yeah, like the core is It's the same core and the everyone branched out exactly And since hence were dinosaurs. I have a question. Do you like that fat boy slip music video? Where the thing is like walking and then it's evolving as it's walking. Have you seen that one?

I can't see anything to back what's left. But I don't tend to like those things because they suggest that you can see the pinnacle of evolution. We're pretty awesome. Yeah, well I mean pretty happy with it. The video was made by humans, which is boy. They've got to approach you when a geno all right we're running kind of a long time. Normally we wrap up around nine or so, so I'm going to try to blow through a few of these. This is one that we talked about fairly recently a couple of weeks ago on the podcast. Can a human have too much blood? And if so, what happens?

If they have two, so in mountains where it's really hard to get oxygen, you can often have more red blood cells, kind of what cyclists do when they dope they stick more Red blood cells in their blood so that they can get more oxygen But the trouble is is that it makes your blood much stickier So you're more likely to get clots and diophings like straight So if what does so over time like let's say I Get like another pint of blood putting on my body. What does my body do to like regulate it down?

I'm gonna just metabolize it. So your poo is brown because of broken down red blood cells. So just be really make a brown? That's gross. That's why John does when you turn yellow. That's when you can't get rid of the brown. It's like a yellowy brown color in your poo? And so your poo is white and your skin is brown. So you're like full of shit then. Yeah

What does green mean? With the medical issues I'm not a medical doctor. What one time I had a Blue I was really worried about blue food coloring on Cupcakes. Beat Speak truth always gets you. I'm dying! No, I just ate beetroot yesterday. This was one of the pills, apparently gives you like neon yellow.

It is. And I got first so of that, I was like, oh my God, and I'm like, nuclear fall out, I need to get a doctor. Eat in crayons. I guess you little colored nugs. Mm-hmm. Well, you know, who eats crayons?

I've not done that. LA Beast. Who? That's, you know who eats crayons. I've done that LA beast Who that's just a guy who eats crap on YouTube? Okay Why do some animals kill their partner after mating? What's more interesting is why do some males feed themselves to the females after mating? Oh, they deliberately throw themselves in the mouth of the female, some of them, so spiders and some man. It's like breakfast in the head, but it's not.

It's like a stream. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, very good. Because so in these males, they've successfully managed to mate her a for a male, that's actually quite a tricky job. It is. And as a male can confirm. And they would, they firstly, by feeding the female, she has more food and energy so she can produce more eggs. So he gets more offspring.

But also, his next problem is if she remates with a different male, so that then, say, she's got 100 eggs to lay. If she only makes with him, he's going to have 100 kids. If she only makes with him, he's gonna have 100 kids. If she makes with someone else, he might only have 20 kids and she'll have 80 kids with that next male. So he wants to stop her from remating as much as possible.

And so if she's too busy chomping down on his body, then she's not gonna be remating while she's busy eating And a breath would smell like dead dude I don't know that wouldn't stop me. I don't think There's a pretty girl Christ friend looking at you wants to mate Dead dude breath, but isn't that why Dick straight off have the helmet for like scooping other dude, other come out? Some penises have barbs and spines, so dams or flies and seed beetles in particular.

If you look at seed beetle penis, God damn it. This is forever. It's full of spines and they use it to scrape out the sperm. No, this isn't right, is it? Yeah, that's a different one. Oh, son of a... That's like a Ridley Scott movie. Hold on, I'll pull it up here. Yeah. So take a second, I got it.

Okay, so what you can see in orange, so all of it is the penis that you're looking at. This is an electron microscope, so they've colored it in false color. And so yeah, so they want to scrape out the sperm from previous males. So is that not the case in humans? Humans used to have penile spines. But why do we have... We have penile spines, if you look at your cat. Why do we have the bell end?

I don't know. I thought it was... I heard that thing. I thought it was because... It was like going in and then... And to come out, you're pulling material out. Yeah, that's what I heard the same thing. So here we go. So the kind of the beige and yellow stuff, those are spines on top of the large epinas. That's a wicked-looking dick bottle. That penis is a match.

Yeah! It's just great for out the sperm. It's like a looking dick by the way. That penis is a match. Yeah! It means to scrape out the sperm. It's like a weapon from Game of Thrones. You think that's the weapon you then get love dark, so slugs and snails have love dark which are literally dark shaped, spiny things that like shoot pheromones into the female's body with. But the spine, they don't go all the way around. Does it mean it spins? Like it's drilled it. But the spine, they don't go all the way around. Does it mean it spins?

Like it's grilled it. Don't think it spins. I know that in bed bugs, you have traumatic insemination. Where they're just like, who needs a vagina? I can just stick my penis through her body wall. Oh. And it's called traumatic because, yeah, if it happens to you, it actually does.

This is exactly what I study, by the way. I just don't just have a really weird obsession. She died how she lived full of dicks. No, this is exactly my area topic. It's sexual conflict, conflict between the males and the females. Because all these males are just like, oh, I saw that. Okay, and there are also dogs, right? Who are dogs? Who like, after sex their penis swells up so they can't dislodge. Oh, so there are definitely slugs. I heard about the slugs. They have to bite off their penis.

But then it becomes female. Then it can actually live as a female slug. So they're always a macratic, but once it's bitten off its penis, some of them have more than one because they're biting it off so many times, it then can only perform the female roles. And why would it bite off its penis? Because it gets stuck. And also, it's like, oh, like 127 hours, and you're like,

yeah, but also, again, back to the, you want to stop another male from mating with your female. Uh-huh. If her vagina is bunged up either with your penis or with a copulatory plug as we call it. Um, be left your tampon in love. Oh never mind. It's actually. So other animals secrete copulatory plugs which seals up the females vagina after mating

so that she can't then go and mate with. The animal kingdom is just an awful place. Yeah, it really is. In it. Especially for female. Yeah, traumatic insemination? Yeah. I don't want. No. Let's not deal with that.

So if I was having sex and I... As a human? Yes, as me. And I just chopped it off. And it was like in there to be like, ha ha Not gonna snuck in like that's the idea right like I leave it and it's stuff in there I would bet that she probably wouldn't have sex for a while but only because you'd be traumatized the dude just The trouble is though is the depending on whether you're a shower or a grower the blood would just flow out and it would just shrink and just fall out.

Yeah you're getting a little bit more weight. What if I tied it? After I cut it. That could work. Here's a question. I'm going to meet a blue animal out of it. You snap it off the blow and tie it. Why are some people showers and some people are growers?

I am the wrong person to ask that. I don't know. See, Chris? Gus? Why? Chris, what's your theory? Well, I don't know, I have, I reckon it's the blood chain besides blood chain.

To me it's blood. I guess it would be a thing where it's like, some blood chain. The smallest, like sitting, puopity and being a man? What is the smallest your penis has ever been? Small man. Like an inch. That's big as it is right now after we're talking

about biting off your own dick. It's gotta be like a cold, like coming out of a freezing cold pool of something. And you're just like, you're like, I hope no one ever sees it like this. This isn't gonna press anybody. I'm the only one who should see it in this, like, you know. I've had it in my minutes where I've just been like,

where is it? What's going on? Things I can't contribute to dick like comparisons. Unless you're a hyena. I wish. I know. Then you'd have a pseudo-comparison. All right, well, I haven't.

Did you know that the largest sperm is 5.8 millimeters long? Of a human. No. Of any animal and comes from a fruit fly that's 3 millimeters long. So that is a... It's a like a soft boiled up inside of it. It's a drosophila bifurcum. Is there then we have like one? They will only, so in each ejaculate,

they will only give around in the order of, I don't know, 20 to 50. So there are three millimeters long and they'll have 20 to 55.8 millimeter long sperm. In one, in one go. This is like the coming, this is like come to life. Like if you had to fight a sperm that's bigger than you

They might have to do it the egg is still about 10 times bigger than the sperm But yeah, I mean it boils up into a neat little how much bigger are the females than the males then oh You could be killed by that you could suffocate in it you be strangled That's how did he die? It's actually, you know how Peacock's got their long tails because the females chose for nice tails. This is the female's choice for long tail sperm. Really?

Look at my jizz, length. Did you know what I like? Long and stringy. That's what I'm into. And the longest penis relative, so this is absolute size. So the fruit-frice sperm is bigger than like any whale sperm but relative to body size the barnacle has the longest penis.

That makes sense they don't really move around like that. Exactly if you're not, if you haven't settled next to a female you need to be able to. So is it longer than it? Yeah a lot, many many many times. Well done. And then it is not longer than it because it is itself with its penis. many many many times. Fasted on. And then it is not longer than it because it is itself with its penis. I think if you cut the penis off it's what. It depends on how you find body length.

Normally so when you're looking at an animal with a tail body length is from you like snout to aenus. It's how you define it. So it doesn't increase tail. So there's a lot like Chris's tail, we were talking about earlier, right? What's the way it, what? The tail is the way it is. Okay, come on more, real fast. What are carbon-based life forms, and how are they different from silicon-based life forms?

There's, as far as we know, no such thing as a silicon-based life form. Carbon-based life form is just something with carbon at the center. Carbon is a really cool element because it's really friendly. It is really good at reacting with other elements and forming really cool compounds.

And you can get big ones, you can get small ones. It can, like, there's so much you can do with carbon, which is why it's fantastic for making life. You can make proteins, carbohydrates. And most of our plastics are hydrocarbons, so that's carbon-based as well. It stores a lot of energy. Carbons are just a really good. It just happens to be by chance, really special. And not by chance, we have it as our life form.

Why does everyone say silicon is like the alternate? Silicon is the next one down in the periodic table, so it can also form lots, I think it forms four, so carbon forms four bonds. I think silicon is the next one down, so it can also form four, but it's just not as reactive. So we haven't yet been able to artificially make silicon life. I don't think so, no.

Interesting. Okay, though. Hmm. Interesting. Okay, come one more. And this is another one that Sally told us we need to go to the doctor for. Why do your legs fall asleep when you sit on the toilet for a long period of time, but not in a chair? What the hell is, how long, who asked this?

It was just someone at Rupertie. I feel like you're in a chair. How do you like the sitting on the lieu fork? In a chair, you chair in a chair, your anus isn't hanging below your knees Also I would say chairs are squishy you're sitting on a squishy, it's designed to be sitting for a long period of time I think the big thing is the surface area so you know how people can lie on a bed of nails

because it's all spread out whereas if you're to lie on a single nail it just pierce through you you're sitting on a ring so you're not this bit of your legs isn't, doesn't have anything supporting it so all you feel weight is being spread on a smaller bit of your leg. I imagine that's why but who is sitting on the Louvre that long? I got the answer. They just told me, we'll see it often cameras not on. Okay, will we ever be able to communicate with animals There was a gorilla called Kako the gorilla like the Nintendo arm thing

What remember he had like the Nintendo arm thing right? What? He had like the the the the glove and it could do was in the movie at least. He could do a hand signals and then the glove of our life. You're thinking about Dunst. We're talking about you think about Congo. I think I think I think I was talking about Congo. Yeah, like Dunst and checks in or something. And he said, it's not the weirdest documentary the other day about this. We mean offering. Yeah, we want rain drop drink. It's Congo. It's Congo.est documentary the other day about this. We may want to drink.

Let's Congo. Let's go. Yeah, we're talking about Coco. Coco. So first, I think she was female. I mean, you lot will correct me if I'm wrong. Like, yeah, okay, I'm going to say now just because Gus has been too polite to bring it up. I was wrong about the aeroplanes flying off ice thing. Yes, I was thinking that they propelled themselves from their wheels and obviously aeroplanes

don't propelled themselves from their wheels. That's the pair. They propelled themselves. Didn't you boi like that one up as well? I missed it up here so I'm not bringing it up. Yes, just so you know, I am aware that I got that wrong. You can stop tweeting me out. No, because I've been the last year of your life.

Pretty much, yeah. Imagine doing one of these every week. you can stop tweeting me out. Has that been the last year of your life? Pretty much, yeah. Imagine doing one of these every week. So, yeah, so Coca the Grilla, they tried to have to do sign language. Cheta cat, right? Yeah, she had a fat cat. Alright, that's not in Congo, okay. And, oh, here we go.

Oh, that might be a male. I don't know how to sex gorilla. But, just, just, just sex something needs to determine whether it's male or female. And yes, so she had the language capability of a small child, um, and was able to name things. So in that sense, we could talk, I mean, there's a big controversy as to whether she was actually talking or whether she was kind of a Pavlovian conditioned response. So she just knew that if she did the right sign she'd be rewarded with like affection or something

But in essence isn't that just what talking is yeah, is it if you say the right thing then someone says something nice back to you So yeah, we have that already And that's probably as close as we get and probably will get it's an amazing story of someone who wanted dolphins to talk and They you're slightly you know, slightly, you know, the story. I if you're trying to communicate with an animal that there's fundamental differences in the way you experience the world so that even communication would be difficult to be in with because you don't have like even a common understanding of what's around you. The idea and behavior is really hard because we think in such a human way so we think that

sight is the most important thing. Whereas for most animals, sight is really poor, and they rely on smell, and we have terrible smell. And so way we sense the world is very different throughout the way. Others sense the world. For example, a lot of flowers that look really dull, actually, have got amazing patterns in them, but in the UV spectrum, which we can't see.

And so they thought, why, how did these bees know which part of the flower to go to when it's just a plain flower? And basically, the flower had like landing arrows, but in UV pigments that we couldn't see. And say, yeah, when you're studying these kind of animals, you've really got to get in the mind of the animal and think okay just because I can't see that there's a cue that it doesn't mean that they can't see that. Right. Why do we have that UV filter? Because some people get them cut off

don't they? Mm-hmm. Why do we need that? I don't know for certain partly UV is what causes cancer so I don't know if it protects against retinal cancer, cancer with the eyeball. It would be bad. It would be. And I mean we have pretty rubbish colour vision as it is. There are species of squid that have I think. So we have three different colour cells, red, green and blue. Yeah. They all slightly overlap.

Birds have four if I remember rightly and some species of squid of something like 12. Damn! Yeah so it's one of those questions like can you imagine a color that you've never seen like you can't you you have no idea what these squids are see. Interesting. Yeah okay and we can only represent that with color that we know exactly. one. It's kind of a two-parter What is CRISPR and will it really be able to bring back animals from the dead? Okay CRISPR is clustered

Oh shoot, I tried to remember it clustered repeated intervals no CRI Interval, no, CRI, Palin-Dromic repeats ends in. It's where you get a string of DNA and you've got like, so your DNA has got ATCs and Gs, there's your different letters of the code, and you'll get like, ATC, ATC, ATC, ATC, ATC, ATC, ATC,

ATC, ATC, ATC, ATC, over and over again. And so CRISPR is basically the bacterial immune system. So we get infected by bacteria and viruses. Bacteria can also get infected by viruses. And the viruses will insert their DNA into, or RNA into the bacteria. And it will go into the bacteria's genome.

So the bacteria have a genome just like we do. It'll insert its DNA. And so they need an immune system to get rid of this viral DNA. So they have an amazing system which we found out about 20, 30 years ago that they can spot viral DNA and cut it out with these molecular scissors called Cas9. There we go, there's Cas9. Molecular scissors. DNA enzymes.

Do you have to sharpen them? Uh, no. Uh, but you can blunt them with heat. I'm not blunt them, but just get rid of them with heat. Uh, and so this is a dorm in discovered and we knew that. And then two women are going to point out women and science. Woohoo! Uh, Jennifer Doudner and Emmanuel Chappentea. Uh, I was lucky enough to into Jennifer Doudner actually

she is prime to be one of the next naval prize winners. This is how big CRISPR is. They realized, oh my god, we've discovered this natural technology that can find very specific sequences in the DNA, very specific letters in the code, and cut it at that exact point. And once you have that technology, and what they did was they managed to manipulate it so that we could use it in a lab and choose which bits of DNA. So we can say, okay, I want to always cut the ATTCGA bit. And now you've got a pair of scissors, and you can tell the pair of scissors where to cut anywhere in any genome.

And once you can cut things, you can get rid of a gene, so say you've got a gene for a disease, cut it, stick in some junk DNA in the middle, you've got rid of that gene for disease because you've rendered it null and void. Or you can cut in a neutral bit of the DNA and add in another gene. And so maybe someone's lacking a gene for an essential protein, and you can stick in the gene that they're missing, and you've got rid of another genetic disease. And so any time that you want to change genes,

CRISPR is just revolutionizing it, because it's more effective, so it's more efficient, it's only cutting where it's supposed to, and it always cuts where it's supposed on not always but a lot better than all the previous So if I've got some neutral DNA and if Homosexuality is genetic can they just cut me in some gainess?

If they wanted to Can they find that there is not a single team for homosexuality. OK. There is almost certainly a huge genetic environmental component the two working together. For a more simple trait, you wanted to, so one thing that's often comes up, because you have green fluorescent protein GFP.

This is a protein that they found from a jellyfish that glows under UV light in the sea. And so in biology, we use this protein to stick it in other things. So I work on fruit flies. I am trying to breed a line of GFP green fluorescent protein flies that glow in the dark so I can spot all these are the ones that I marked, those are the ones I didn't mark.

So if we did that on you, the cells where you injected your CRISPR-Cas9 system, they would glow, but because you're already formed as an adult human, you would need to infect every single cell in your body with this, when I say it it's like a good form, it just means getting it into your cell with that to do it. Whereas if you did it in embryos, which is the really controversial bit, then one cell becomes every cell in your body, so you only have to do it once. And then the whole of you would have that need to do that.

So this led me to a follow up question. I'm glad you talked about embryos. So I've heard talk about CRISPR when it comes to working with embryos, the potential for creating designer babies. There's a paper last year was the first to do it on human embryos. Right, and talk about, you know, you could set, think traits like hair color, eye color, and sex, I believe are the ones that they know

they could probably do right now. Drawing the line when we're able to fully utilize CRISPR to do, you know, make any changes we wanted to, could the human species become as, could it have as much variety as like say dogs, where we could have different types of humans with different traits and really exaggerated features? As far as I'm aware, genetically dogs are all very similar. I mean, yeah, so looking at them, what we call the phenotype, is vastly different.

But I think genetically they're all quite similar. Could we create designer humans, yes, we're not there yet? Will we ever get to the point, it then moves away from being a scientific issue to a moral issue? Right. Because science tells you can you do something and ethics and politics tell you should you do. Yeah, you should. So how long, like should I wait, should I put it off having a kid?

So again, I really would love to design it. I do not put off having a kid in the same way that women have biological clocks. What most people realize is that men also have biological clocks. The sperm gets longer. They're sperm gets more and more mutated, so the first thing they're fertility decreases over time, I say they're your fertility decreases over time, so it will be harder for you to have a kid. So just jizzing a cup now.

But also your sperm will have more mutations, so you're more likely to pass on an engineering. I always knew there was something weird about kids born from Olsper, you just confirmed it. Olsper babies are weird. Olsper babies are weird. They're actually like 80 years old. They ever met someone who was like, whose father is really old?

Something wrong with them, they're weird. I suspected it, and now science proves it. My suspicion was correct. Other no moral issues with making a fruit fly glow a different color? According to the UK government, no. Is it because it's not. It's because it's not a vertebra or a cephalopod. So mess with it.

Yeah, basically. If it's a vertebra, so if it has a backbone, or just bones in general, it can stand up for itself. Or if it's a squid or an octopus then or cute it's covered by Why why squid or octopus just because they're because they're intelligent Because they have crazy brains And so if you're one of those then you had to apply for a home office license to research on them So if I ever see a glowing octopus, I think that's been some foul play here

Unless it doesn't naturally. I mean octopus have crazy pigment colors. I think I've seen some foul play here. Yeah. Unless it doesn't naturally. I mean octopus have crazy picnic colors. I think I've seen some cuddle fish that can glow and do crazy things. They look like fish. And sometimes they'll eat glowing like algae or bacteria and then kind of instead of digesting them, put them in their skin

so that they'll glow. I really like these nachos. Wow, you look really good. Oh wow. So that they'll glow. I really like these nachos. Yeah, yeah. You look really good at this. Thank you. It is actually true that if you eat too many carrots, it will turn your skin orange. Because the beta-carotene in there is slightly toxic.

And if you eat too much of it, you can't get rid of it. So it's like vitamin A. It's when the Antarctic, I want to say, Antarctic explorers died from eating too much seal liver because they were eating too much vitamin A. Apparently, no, no one else, I won't, that's a bad example to use. But yes, vitamin A is the same stuff that you react to, and that you use for acne. Poisons your skin. That's English for vitamin A. I got it, I got it. Yeah, sorry. Oh, look at that thing. Yeah, there we go.

But yeah, so if you eat too much beta-carotene and your body, you're eating more than faster than your body can get rid of it, your skin is actually a really safe place to put things because it's essentially dead. Like nachos. So it's quite like a storage organ. Does this start to smell like here?

No, because it's just the pigment. It's dangerous. It's a carrot really smell of anyone. And so yeah, you'll end up with orange. And if you loads and loads of beta-carotene, you will end up with orange skin. Fascinating. Well, people on Twitter right now are loving it.

They say everyone's saying it's like their favorite podcast of the year, which makes me feel bad. But I'm glad everyone else enjoyed it. Thanks for joining us against Sally. We got to do this way more often than every year in a half. Can you take Brandon with you to this evolution conference? I mean, it's actually just around the road.

I want to put some glasses on and go speak. So here on the screen, we had your Twitter handle at Sally LaPage and your YouTube channel, youtube.com slash shed science. Sheds, apparently I have a really bad accent for, shed science. What do they think it was? Shed.

Oh, yeah, I thought I was sorry, we're shit. Okay. Like a shed, you know, like a garden shed. Good, yeah. All right, well, thanks for joining us. That's right. It was the time always flies by whenever, whenever we talk our terrible science with you.

And thanks ever for watching and we'll see you guys next week Let a piece talk welcome to the Rootie podcast Brought to you by sorry for talking don't talk all our very important sponsors have their graphics on screen. I'm gonna I'm burning Objection say I'm just going too long. Why can't I poop that way? I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. I can't do poop that way. Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go!

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Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! Let's go! and Trempit hosts Characombs. Characombs are free of Diaz of nothing to do with this podcast. Analyze various unsolved and rooster-teeths cryptic podcast.

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It's f*** face, a podcast. Subscribe or no. You do yes?