Ten Percent Happier with Dan Harris - Sam Harris on: Vipassana vs. Dzogchen, Looking for the Looker, and Psychic Powers
Episode Date: December 13, 2023Frequent guest Sam Harris discusses life after quitting Twitter and the metaphysics of meditation along with special co-host and brother Matt Harris. Sam Harris is a neuroscientist, phil...osopher, and author of five New York Times best sellers. His work covers a wide range of topics—neuroscience, moral philosophy, religion, meditation practice, political polarization, rationality—but generally focuses on how a growing understanding of ourselves and the world is changing our sense of how we should live. His books include The End of Faith, The Moral Landscape, Free Will, Lying, and Waking Up. Sam hosts the popular Making Sense podcast and is the creator of the Waking Up app, which offers a modern approach to living a more examined life, through both in-depth mindfulness training and secular wisdom. Sam has practiced meditation for over 30 years and has studied with many Tibetan, Indian, Burmese, and Western meditation teachers, both in the United States and abroad. He holds a degree in philosophy from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in neuroscience from UCLA.In this episode we talk about:The psychological benefits of quitting TwitterVipassana meditation vs. DzogchenThe practice of looking for the lookerSam’s views on the metaphysics of meditation and psychic powersFull Shownotes: https://www.tenpercent.com/tph/podcast-episode/sam-harris-2023See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.
Transcript
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This is the 10% happier podcast. I'm Dan Harris.
Alright, we're going into the deep end today, kids, with one of my favorite repeat guests. And a person I consider to be both a friend and a role model.
Sam Harris.
Sam is an author, neuroscientist and philosopher.
He's the author of many bestselling books, the host of a massive podcast called Making
Sense and the creator of a meditation app called Waking Up, which is truly an incredible
resource.
He's done a great job with that app.
As I've mentioned before, Sam was a huge part
of my own meditation career.
He encouraged me early on when I was still skeptical
about the practice.
In fact, he got me into my first retreat
and personally introduced me to Joseph Goldstein,
the meditation teacher, who's become a gigantic figure
in my life.
I have a co-interviewer for this episode.
This marks the inaugural appearance on the show of a guy named Matt Harris.
So we have three Harris's on the show. Although Sam and I share our last name, we are not related. Matt and I, however, are very closely related.
He's my younger brother. Despite the fact, maybe because of the fact that I have been meditating for 14 years roughly. And despite the fact that Matt has been one of my closest advisors
on my various books and meditation-related projects,
I don't know if this is despite the fact
or because of the aforementioned, either way,
he's never really gotten into the practice.
However, that changed about a year ago
when he quite suddenly got deeply interested.
And one of the people he's really latched onto
in his own contemplative odyssey is Sam.
So I thought it would be fun to have Matt join us for this conversation.
Heads up, we have basically the same voice, although he does tend to say smarter stuff than
I do.
So that's maybe how you can tell us apart.
We cover a lot of ground here, including the psychological benefits of quitting Twitter,
Vipassana meditation versus Zogchen, which is a Tibetan flavor of meditation.
A practice called looking for the looker,
and whether Sam is in any way open to the metaphysics
of meditation, in other words,
what does he think about the notion
that meditation can give you psychic powers?
But first time for some BSP, blatant self-promotion,
wanna tell you about a big series we're kicking off here
in the new year.
It's called the non-negotiables.
We have lined up a whole cavalcade of stars.
And by stars, I mean experts and all sorts of areas.
Plus some actual celebrities to come on and talk about
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They cannot live without.
We're talking to relationship guru Esther Perrell. We're talking to relationship guru ester per l. We're talking to the Buddhist nun,
Pemma Chodran, talking to the actor and comedian Bill Haider,
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It kicks off on January 3rd, so keep an eye out for that.
Also, a quick note about our friends over at the 10% happier app. If you're looking
for a last minute gift, you can give your friends and loved ones the gift of sanity. Get
them a gift subscription to the 10% happier app. You can visit 10% dot com slash gift.
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Hello listeners, this is Mike Corey of Against the Odds.
You might know that I adventure around the world while recording this podcast,
and over the years, I've learned that where I stay when I travel can make all the difference.
Airbnb has been my go-to place for finding the perfect accommodations. Because with hotels,
you often don't have the luxury of extra space or privacy. Recently, I had a bunch of friends come
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It felt like we were all roommates again. The next time you're planning a trip, whether
it's with friends, family, or yourself, out Airbnb. To find something you won't forget.
What a life these celebrities lead.
Imagine walking the red carpet, the cameras in your face,
the designer clothes, the worst dress list, big house.
The world constantly peering in, the bursting bank account.
The people trying to get the grubby mitts on it.
What's he all about?
I'm just saying, being really, really famous,
it's not always easy.
I'm Emily Loitany, and I'm Anna Leon Grofie,
and we're the hosts of Terribly Famous from Wondery,
the podcast which tells the stories
of our favorite celebrities from their perspective.
Each season we show you what it's really like being famous
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the life of a British icon. We walk you through their glittering highs and eyebrow raising
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Wondry app. podcast or the one do we have.
Dan Harris, nice to see you and brother Harris. Indeed.
Yes, meet Matt Harris. Be prepared for confusion because he has the exact same voices as I do.
It's a little trick we play.
Nice.
I could come in handy in high school, no doubt.
Well, some stories are coming to mind, but I will hold those for another podcast.
Yes, exactly.
Not very mindful.
Not back then.
I do want to say that Matt is here because he's a huge fan of yours.
He got into meditation pretty recently, even though his brother is co-founder of a meditation
app, he's using yours. So that should say a lot about our relationship.
I've had analogous experiences. I've just given in. I just recommend your book as the book. People
should read first. So I'm no longer affronted by this at all. This is I engineer this. So yeah, I
understand. Matt and I spoke last this. So yeah, I understand.
Matt and I spoke last night.
He has a bunch of excellent questions.
I'm going to let him jump in in a second.
But let me just start with some warm-up questions.
You went off Twitter a while ago.
I guess it's X now.
And I'm just curious, because I haven't spoken to you since then,
not on the show since then.
And I'm curious, what impact has it had on your mental health?
Well, it's been enormous. It's really, I think when I've talked about this on my own podcast, I've said that I'm embarrassed at how big an impact it's had because it shows me
just how deranged I had become and I was just unaware of it. I think it's objectively embarrassing to say,
it's one of the most important things I've done
in the last decade to improve my life personally.
I mean, it's just unbelievable.
It's like getting out of a bad relationship.
I don't know what to compare it to in my life.
And I guess I should just caveat this by saying
that I don't think my experience on Twitter
was so representative of the general experience, not everyone on Twitter,
and certainly not most people on Twitter have as public a platform as I had. I think I had
1.5 million followers at that point, and many people who have lots of followers don't have the
same kind of controversial career that I have. I mean, they don't touch the same kinds of polarizing
topics. So, and then many people who touch the same kinds of polarizing topics tend to touch them
just from one side of the political spectrum or the other, right? So they have at their back
a tribe of people
who agree with them about everything
who will rush to their defense when they get mobbed.
Whereas I'm very much in the center,
and I've offended both sides of the political spectrum
because I've gone after the left
and I've gone after the right more or less equivalently,
or with equal frequency.
So I had a very unique vantage point as just
see just how dysfunctional and toxic Twitter could become. And so it just got to a point where
I felt like it was just subtly making me a misent rope. Right. It was actually contaminated in my view of other people in a way that I actually felt was inaccurate.
It's not that I felt I was seeing just how bad people are.
In fact, I was seeing a kind of fun house, just mirror distortion.
By no means the most avid Twitter user, I was somebody who would tweet maybe three times
a week, right?
I think that was more or less my average, something like that.
But I would check it a dozen times a day, 50 times a day, even more depending.
Now, because it was my newsfeed, and that's how I was seeing things.
So it was constantly punctuating my life.
It was a kind of freakish meditation.
And it became a meditation on my own, inevitably, on my own digital reputation and a kind of
digital doppelganger that was a very powerful distortion of who I am.
I mean, I was constantly reminded of the fact that millions of people think I'm a monster of some
sort, and depending on whether they were coming from the left or the right, it was a very
different monster, vilifying me on that basis.
And I was beginning to, as much as I tried to correct for the distortion I knew was coming
into my thinking there, I just felt I couldn't actually correct for it in the end. I just, it was, it was, I felt like there were many more psychopaths in the world that
there are in fact, right?
And so it was just, it was just a bad dream.
And then the only thing I could do was wake up from it and the only way to really wake
up from it in a way that was durable was just to delete my account.
And yeah, so it's been a huge life hack to get rid of it.
Now that you've done that, I'm curious, what would you say is the biggest
challenge in your life and meditation practice or at the nexus of the two?
I mean, honestly, almost nothing. I can honestly say to you that
the worst things that have happened in my life in the last decade,
and this is a measure of just what a wonderful life I, in fact, have, apart from a couple
of health scares and challenges for people in my family, it's all been Twitter.
It's just every bad thing.
It has been the result of something that happened on Twitter, something
I felt I had to react to on Twitter, the consequences of having reacted to it.
So it's just, it's unbelievable what a bad influence it was in my life and how slow I was
to recognize its actual effects because, again, there's so much obvious good.
One, it seems like a professional necessity
for so many people, certainly people in media,
journalists, academics, I mean, people feel like
that's the only way they can stay in touch
with what's going on in the world
and the only way they can kind of market their own wares.
And also, I was just following many, many smart,
entertaining people.
And so it just seemed like the dopaminergic effects
of just seeing all the good stuff
on a daily, hourly, moment-by-moment
basis, it kept me blind to the fact that this was a psychological experiment that I got enrolled in
and I never really read the consent form, and the results were bad. And now I'm convinced the results
are bad for almost everybody. I mean, honestly, I've got nothing to tell you that is a current challenge apart from
the ordinary inertia of just gratifying ones' interests and curiosities and desires and
getting lulled into living a superficially very, very happy life and not really connecting with all the depth that is available
because of just the mechanics of ordinary distraction. It's just like the difference between
really sinking into the well of being moment to moment in a starkly contemplative way
and just having fun and reading good books and talking to good
people and enjoying life. And so far, there's a delta between those two modes of being. And
you know, it's easy to get kind of a lulled back into a very pleasant kind of dream life. And so
that's the challenge, but that's quite a privileged challenge at the moment.
That's the challenge, but that's quite a privileged challenge at the moment. Yeah, well, high class problem, but still an interesting challenge.
And I think hearing you talk about it would be educational, instructive for people.
Can you unpack that?
The difference between on the one level, the superficial pleasures of life talking to
interesting people, having flavors appear on your tongue, et cetera, et cetera, reading
good books, interacting with ideas.
And I can't remember the phrase you used,
sinking into the well of being,
something along those lines.
What do you mean by that, and how do you access it,
and how do you remember to wake up from the dream
to access the well of being?
Well, so as many people will know who are interested in meditation, whatever practice you're
doing and however you conceive of the goal of meditation, there's this distinction between
being distracted and undistracted, between being identified with thought, lost and thought
captivated by thought, having one's sense of being in the world really
trimmed down moment to moment by this conversation we're having with ourselves and the imagery
of past and future that causes us to overlook the salience of the present moment.
There's a difference between that and clearly recognizing what the mind is like in the present. Now, you get
depending on what practice one does and how successful that practice has been and what
kinds of concepts one has been taught to use to think about the goal there that we could
have differences of opinion about what there is to discover about the nature of mind in
the present. But whatever practice you're doing, there's this difference between distraction and non-distraction. And yeah, so sinking into the well of being is just a somewhat
verbose way of saying that there's prior to identification with thought in the present moment, there is a profundity to just being, just being aware, just being identical to experience
whatever it's character, right? Nothing has to change about experience for you to recognize that
it is already free of self, that it is already undefined. There's nothing to cling to and no place from which you would cling.
So to use Buddhist concepts, emptiness is recognizable in the midst of any experience. So it can be
totally mundane. You could be in the middle of checking your email. You cannot have any prior moments
of momentum and mindfulness to rely on.
You could have been distracted for the last 10 minutes, but it's possible to locate
even in this next ordinary moment that there is no center to experience.
Being is not a especially popular term among Buddhists to describe what's left there,
but it captures some of the positive quality of awareness without a sense of self, I would
say.
Matt, maybe this is a good time for you to jump in because he's kind of let us up to
one of the areas where I know you have some questions.
Sure.
Sam, this is an interesting jumping off point for a question I had and this is a-
I'm smiling because the voice really is quite similar. It's hilarious
That's great. You guys could punk me right now. He says smarter shit with the same voice just to be clear
I may say smarter shit with the same voice, but my brother is monetized it a lot better than I have in a direct way
But here we are. So, I have the question of what there looks like,
which is to say this recognition that there's no self.
I think it is pretty consistent as a user of your app,
but the path there, you know,
is not just somebody who follows your guided meditations,
but somebody who's listened to a lot,
maybe not most of the content, but a lot of the content.
It can leave you wondering how you actually feel about the Vipassana path, where you really
do all the work over years and years versus what you describe as this really attractive,
more direct path that you've obviously found through
Zogchen. And yet, as I go back to the guided meditations, they seem mainly the posinum,
sort of the sort of thing you would get in a regular way, retreat, or most of the content
on 10% happier, which of course Dan, I've also comprehensively listened to. So I guess
I'd love for you to talk about,
do you struggle with one versus the other?
Not that struggles a big feature of your life, obviously,
but what do you actually,
what do you actually practice mainly
and how do you think about those two traditions?
And before you answer, Sam,
can you in the process of your answer
define Vipassana Zocen for folks who are new?
the process of your answer defined Vipassana Zocenn for folks who are new? Yeah, so Vipassana is the practice in terivata Buddhism, the oldest form of Buddhism. Vipassana
is the poly term that's usually translated this immense, you know, secular interest
in mindfulness, right? Mindfulness is the state of mind one is cultivating in the practice
of Vipassana among other qualities of mind. Mindfulness really is the central tool. And this
practice has analogs elsewhere in Buddhism, but you know,
Vapasana, as it is taught by your friends, Joseph Goldstein, anyone else who
would teach it, IMS or spirit rock, this is teravod of Vapasana. And the main
export from that tradition has been mindfulness to the secular world and then
the scientific community. The Zogchen is a strand of teaching within Vajraana Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, that teaches what's
often described as a non-dual approach to meditation.
There are other similar teachings within Tibetan Buddhism, Mahamudra is importantly similar
to Zogchen.
And there are other non-dual teachings elsewhere in the Indian tradition.
Advaita Vedanta is the non-duality that one can find in the far more baroque and confusing
tradition of Hinduism.
But the interesting distinction between Vapasana and ordinary dualistic mindfulness and any
non-dual teaching, Zogchen included, is that you can start from wherever you are.
You can be someone who doesn't know anything about meditation,
and you're given a technique, and it's rather common to give the technique of
paying attention to the breath. So you're, we start by becoming mindful of the
sensations of breathing. Every time the mind wanders into thought, we're told to come back to the
raw sensation of breathing. And in that training of just noticing distraction and coming back to
raw sensation, one is learning to practice mindfulness and one is gaining insight
in Vipassana to what are described as the three characteristics of all phenomena and Buddhism,
which are impermanence primarily and unsatisfactoriness and selflessness.
selflessness. And I would argue that in Vipassana, in reversely, wherever it's taught, the primary characteristic one is noticing his impermanence, right? The unsatisfactoryness and the selflessness
of phenomenon, which again, these are all, these are built as kind of equal status characteristics.
But the insight into selflessness, the insight into unsatisfactoriness is virtually
always taught as an experience, I would say, as derivative of an insight into impermanence.
It's because everything is impermanent, because there's nothing you can find that is
a durable moment to moment, that you can then extrapolate to the eluciriness of a durable self moment to moment.
There can be no self of the sort that you thought you had if everything, every moment
of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, thinking, and even the consciousness that
is knowing those things is passing away in the next moment, right?
Changing, seasonally changing and seasonly passing away as you pay close attention.
And there can be no desire, so successfully gratified,
no pleasant experience, so wonderful
that you can cling to,
that could represent a durable basis for happiness
because nothing lasts, right?
What, if something wasn't there a moment ago,
the mere fact that it has appeared proves
that it will be disappearing, eventually,
especially that the stronger your concentration
and mindfulness grows,
you begin to see that truly punctate
and piecemeal character to every experience.
So the immense strength of a pasta
and the dualistic mindfulness is that anyone can come
through the front door and begin practicing it
from wherever they are.
They can be handed a technique
and they can just begin walking the path.
And I did that for a long time.
And I think I'd probably spent about a year
on silent retreat in increments ranging from,
you know, a weekend to three months long practicing that style of apostna before I encountered
non-dual teaching directly. I mean, I'd encounter non-dual teachings in books from the very beginning,
and all that non-dual talk was the kind of advertisement for it and alternate framing for the
spiritual path, but it wasn't
until that I actually got an actual instruction from some great zokshin teachers and advice
to teachers that I actually was able to practice differently.
The difference with what I would call non-dual mindfulness is that you actually have to have
a specific insight in order to practice it. You can't actually do the thing with your attention
that you need to do to constitute a moment of practice
until you've recognized something
about the nature of consciousness.
It's a paradoxical teaching in that it's hard
to tell someone how to start.
You know, it's like, it's a little bit like
an old Dharma joke, an aware came from, but there's this, I'll
move it to a New York.
You're in New York and you're a tourist and you want to find Central Park and you stop
someone on the street and you say, excuse me, can you tell me how to get to Central Park?
And the person says, oh, I'm sorry, you can't get to Central Park from here.
Right? I mean, the paradox of that, like, how is it that you could possibly be some
place from which some other place can't be reached?
Right.
It makes no sense.
And yet that is in fact true contemplatively, meditatively with respect
to this shift between duality and non-duality.
There's a, there's a, aperius assumption of a starting point that has to be
penetrated. There's something that has to be undone
in order for you to actually start. It's not that you're
and we can talk more about this. I realize this is all
sounding pretty cryptic, but to speak more directly about the experience,
when you're given the instruction to be mindful
in the beginning from a dualistic point of view,
the way that happens for people is that they're told,
okay, there's something that they should pay attention
to sensation, to sounds, to the breath,
to whatever it is, to emotions, to thoughts, even,
ultimately, and just notice that everything arises and
passes away. And inevitably, you begin doing that feeling that you are a subject of experience.
You're a kind of spotlight of attention that can aim attention strategically at the breath,
or at sounds. And so there's this subject object dualism built into the very project from the beginning
where you feel like, okay, I'm over here paying attention in a story. I might, you might notice that you're being buffeted by thought that's inviting distraction moment to moment, but you know,
you're noticing that and then you're coming back to the object, let's say it sounds or sensations
of in the body. You're up here in your head as a subject aiming the spotlight
of attention, hoping to do this successfully and doing it successfully, noticing just,
you know, the warmth or tingling or movement or pressure in the body, say, and having
that kind of clear contact.
But there is still this feeling of a subject, of a meditator, of a center from which attention can be paid
to phenomena. And that is actually a false point of view. I mean, that's the starting point
that has to be unraveled in order to start the non-dual practice of Zogchian or any other
non-dual practice. So when you ask me whether I struggle with the difference between Vapasana and Zogchan,
I don't struggle with it personally, but I struggle with it pedagogically because it's
a challenge to figure out how to get people up to the threshold of this thing so that
they can recognize what is already true of the nature of their minds.
And for that, I think there really is no better preliminary practice than
Bapasana. And I think Bapasana, you know, Teravatta style of Bapasana is actually in my experience
and admittedly my experience of the alternative is somewhat limited. But in my experience,
I think it's much better than what is actually given in the Vajranana tradition as the preliminary practice to Zocen,
which is a lot of traditional Tibetan practices
that to my, I don't actually prepare you as well as
the rigorous Mahasisaya style mindfulness
that I learned at IMS and elsewhere.
Coming up Sam talks about whether non-duality can be reconciled with loving kindness
and whether he's open to the notion that meditation can give you superpowers.
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by joining W RePlus. One of my favorite styles of meditation,
that both you guys have taught me,
is meta-compassion-tell meditation.
But I will say it seems to have the potentially problematic
aspect of reinforcing the subject object
divide quite definitively.
Because there's sort of a you
and then there's a set of thems.
Every time I think about it, I think, boy,
if Sam's trying to go somewhere non-dual,
this is not helping, particularly.
And by thinking about that wrong,
or do you, is there a way to accommodate
the meta tradition in a non-dual framework?
Well, there's definitely a way to do it in a non-dual framework because again,
there's already no center to experience, really. It's not like you have an ego
and you successfully meditate that ego out of existence. The ego is itself an illusion even now.
It's a false point of view.
It's what it's like to be subtly identified with thought and not notice even the thought
that you're now paying attention strategically as a meditator.
What identification with thought actually is and why it occurs.
It's an interesting question.
I don't actually think I know what I think about that, but it is,
it's importantly analogous to falling asleep and dreaming.
It is a kind of dreamscape, this sense of being identical to one's thoughts.
It entails a similar degree of confusion about the status of one's mind in each present moment.
When you're sleeping dreaming and you don't know your dreaming, so leave lucid dreams aside, you really are just fundamentally confused about your circumstance.
You're safely in bed and yet you're having some experience that doesn't acknowledge that at all and you could be very worried or you could be very excited or whatever is happening.
But importantly, in the transition from sleep to dreaming, there's no successful reality
testing.
It's just amazing that we're not surprised when we suddenly, five minutes after falling
asleep, we find ourselves walking you know, walking down Madison Avenue
or whatever it is.
And there's no part of us, unless, again,
unless it's a lucid dream.
There's no part of us that says, wait a minute,
how the hell did I get here?
And what's happening?
Like this is insane, right?
And when, you know, why are the laws of physics
being suspended for me right now?
If there's something similar that happens
when we get captured by a thought in the present moment,
I mean, when you're just your paying attention to the breath, you know you're supposed to be meditating.
And then all of a sudden, you're thinking about lunch, or you're thinking about a conversation you had last night,
and the transition into that, and the feeling that that's you, and the emotional consequences of it. I mean, if you're having a thought that
is inspiring anger or anxiety, to suddenly become angry or anxious on the basis of this intrusion
of language and imagery that came out of nowhere, right? It is kind of psychotic. It's completely normal.
I mean, this is just the natural state for everybody, but it is quite similar to what we recognize
to be the total delusion of dreams in the normal case of a person asleep, and also the
clinical consequences of psychosis that you know out in the world when people are awake.
You know, unlike psychotics, we know enough to keep our mouths shut most of the time, so we're
covertly talking to ourselves. But it is fairly crazy and it's certainly crazy to have one's sense of one's own happiness
entirely depend on this process that is happening all by itself. So again, very long answer
to a short question. Anything is potentially compatible with non-dual awareness because non-dual awareness
is actually the way awareness is if you just recognize it. So you can do meta, you can play sports,
you can talk about the nature of the self, you can do anything because there's simply in each moment
there is just consciousness and its contents.
The feeling of self is something that's being added
as spuriously to this prior condition that's already underwriting every type of experience.
Just tactically, the way you often are guiding people in the app to
focus on this reality is this concept of looking for the looker, and quite amusingly, you obviously get some feedback about that because now you commonly reference
what to do when you get annoyed by Sam saying, look for the looker.
I was frustrating meditation instruction ever, apparently.
I can hate mail over looking for the looker.
You talk about being driven off of Twitter.
I assume that it doesn't even come close to what you
disaprovation from looking for the looker.
But by the way, you're advised to understand
that feeling of frustration and then meditate on that.
I've tried that with my wife and kids.
That doesn't work for me.
If that approach to defusing frustration works for you, God bless. on that. I've tried that with my wife and kids. That doesn't work for me. But if that
approach to diffusing frustration works for you, God bless.
You cannot use it prescriptively when you've been an asshole.
That's not a defense.
Yeah, my son recently was telling me he was bored and I said, how does that feel in your
body? And he said, is that a meditation thing? Because if it is, I don't want to hear it.
She got used to that, exactly.
But Matt, let me just go back to your meta question.
Just for the uninitiated meta meditation
is where you systematically, and Sam,
I'm going to advance an answer or attempt an answer here
and then maybe you can fact check me.
But meta meditation is where you systematically envision
beings starting with an easy person than yourself,
then a neutral person, a mentor,
a difficult person, and then all beings.
And you systematically love bomb them with phrases
like maybe happy, maybe safe, maybe healthy,
maybe live with ease.
This is an ancient practice.
And Matt's question was,
well, is that compatible with the idea of seeing
that the self is an illusion?
And my answer to that is twofold.
One, you got to think about mental exercise
the way you do with physical exercise
that cross training is necessary.
And meta-meditation has benefits
that include being a very good concentration practice.
So it can really help you focus. And it can help you raise your baseline level of warmth, which for frosty new Englanders like you and me can be very helpful.
As it pertains to the potential confusion that could be created with this seeming concretization of the self, I suggest you maybe just ask yourself a question,
who is sending the meta, who is sending the loving kindness, and just looking in that way
gets you right to Sam's principal instruction. So Sam, I say that for your reaction.
Yeah, no, I agree with all of that. I that. Actually, you can think about it from
two sides. One is that whatever your practice, even if it's a non-dual practice,
you're going to spend much of your time, even most of your time, lost in thought
anyway. Right? So why not be lost in thoughts of loving kindness for all sentient
beings, right? And for yourself and for the people you love and
for strangers and for even rivals and enemies. And you're going to be dualistically meditating on
something inadvertently much of the time anyway. And if meta was something you're doing in that
vein, it is, as Dan just said, changing the character of your mind.
If you're going through the world thinking, how much you wish people to be freed from
suffering, and you wish them, you wish their hopes and dreams realized and thoughts of
compassion and sympathetic joy are coming to mind, you know, when you see someone succeed rather than, you know,
fall into to end this disgruntlement about that, you actually think that's precisely what you wish
for them, right? Like if you pretend to wish them Buddhahood, of course, you also wish them a
Pulitzer Prize, even if you don't have one, right?
Who are you kidding, right?
Like do you really think you wish people boot a hood
if you're going to be so miserally
as to not wish them a Pulitzer Prize,
you know, on the way to boot a hood?
So if you're continually undercutting your self-concern
and the comparative judgments of well-being
that people so effortlessly make,
you see someone's succeed and you feel, however, suddenly
diminished by that.
And as an antidote to that, you are dualistically thinking
how much you want people to be happy and how much you're
rooting for them to succeed.
That is just a very different ethical foundation,
ethical and psychological foundation for one's relationships and encounters
with people in the world. So it's just a good thing to do whether or not it is something you would do
if you could also just be non-dual moment to moment. But I would say there's that way of thinking
about it, which is even if it competes with non-duality, it's not a problem because you're going to be lost in thought most of the time anyway.
But it doesn't actually compete with non-duality because ultimately nothing does.
You can just be aware of whatever you're aware of, thoughts included, without feeling identical to the next thought that arises. Without clinging
to experience, even the experience of knowing what is happening, I mean, being aware of experience.
And this one way to think of identification is as a kind of clinging, right? Like there's a kind of clinging to the observer, you know, clinging to the feeling of being
the witness of experience. Again, the words one uses here are really all of them present various
liabilities, but you know, the sanctioned words within Buddhism are words, it terms like emptiness,
right? And it's as super confusing and requires a lot of explanation when you translate shunyata to emptiness and then have to
tell people what that's all about. But what it suggests is what experience is like prior
to concepts and prior to identification with any part of it. Right. And it's to say
that there's no self is also somehow to say too much or to be potentially misleading.
Frankly, it sounds terrifying to people. Like, how could it possibly be a good thing not to have
a self and it seems somehow adjacent, if not identical, to madness? Right. So how could the complete
eradication of self bebe desirable. Right?
Again, the thing that you're experiencing from a non-dual point of view is not some new
experience.
It's kind of the prior condition of everything you were already experiencing, and there's
less there rather than more there.
Again, it's a little hard to describe, but the reason why you can often seem like there's a conflict between the two styles of practice is that dualistic mindfulness really can be
practice from the point of view of feeling that there's a real problem that has to be solved and to feel that what one's mindfulness in each moment
is just
revealing just the mediocrity of your identification
with self and the impermanence of all experience.
And it's not to say there aren't, you know, once you start getting any significant concentration
there and any real continuity of mindfulness, then there are very pleasant mind states that
appear and you can be quite very expansive and drug-like and you can feel like you're making progress. But the
signature of progress inevitably there is this change in the character of your experience.
Once things begin to feel meditative, it begins to feel a little drug-like. You begin to feel like,
oh, okay, now finally, now I'm getting somewhere, it's starting to move. And that, that's just bullshit, right? It's like that is exactly what you don't
want to be thinking and feeling with respect to the progress of insight. But it's just so
easy to get stuck thinking you're schlepping up to the mountaintop and in every moment
you're far from your goal and you're in danger, losing the progress you've made,
non-dool teachings in part,
the opposite message in every respect,
the thing to be realized is already the case.
Your awareness is already the mind of the Buddha.
There's no difference between that in you,
which is aware of your experience,
and that, which was in, you know,
the historical Buddha's mind to be aware of his experience, which was in the historical Buddha's mind to be aware of his experience.
And you're already identical to that condition.
And you simply must realize it and that doesn't have to take any time.
Right?
And there's nothing you're going to experience, however wonderful, that it really represents
progress because it's all transitory.
It has no logical relationship really to this prior condition.
This prior condition is already true.
It's not improved by your feelings of bliss.
It's not harmed by your feelings of restlessness and frustration.
Restlessness and frustration are just as good as objects of consciousness
by which to reveal this prior space.
It's like the difference between, you know, there's like a pleasant sound and an unpleasant
sound is just as good for the purpose of revealing the space in which the sounds can be known.
Right?
So there's no, there's nothing to hope for.
There's nothing to regret.
There's nothing to, like, it is a completely different framing. And yet, the problem
with this style of teaching is that the path is so steep. It's functionally a brick wall
for many people. It's hard to figure out how to start. But the reality for most people
is that they're going to spend most of their time distracted in the beginning. They're
very few people who recognize non-duality and then become buddhas.
So there is some reason to practice
because the alternative is just to be distracted
and to be pursuing all the other things you desire
in life dualistically.
And then, in the ultimate case,
you just sort of forget that you were ever interested
in the Dharma or it was like that was interesting.
But, you know, now I'm selling insurance and I've got all kinds of life anxieties, right?
There are people who sort of fall off the path because all they had was this non-dual
framing.
So, in my mind, Zochen has a very nice balance of recognizing kind of the paradoxical
beginning, the always
already true aspect to it, but then also recognizing just in an intellectually honest way that
most people are going to need to do a fair amount of apparent work to stabilize this insight.
And so in my view, what the practice then is is non-dual mindfulness.
Right? So you're just then you're just practicing this thing. But you're not, it has none of the character
that I described of, you know, the worst dualistic mindfulness, which is just this effortful
slog up the mountain, really feeling like you're you're far away from your goal.
Coming up Sam talks about why the consciousness we have is identical to the Buddha's consciousness and
as I keep teasing whether meditation gives you superpowers.
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There's kind of a layman's version of this that I wrestle with, which is one of the
concepts that you and people, you know, in my phase, which is to say early, think about
a lot as the concept of attachment.
You know, your life is filled with these attachments and the Pocina meditation helps manage the level of attachment
to these various things.
And if you just think, even physically about attachment, there's two things, right?
There has to be two things in order for there to be an attachment between them.
And so it's like the very purpose of doing it has this effect of stabilizing this, there's me, and there's the thing I'm attached
to and I'm managing to be less attached, but it leaves you very much still with the
me. It's sort of inherently dualistic until you get to the point where then you're managing
your own attachment to the concept of you, which is sort of, you know, and again, layman's
terms a little bit what you've been talking about, layman's terms, a little bit what
you've been talking about. And it's just, I would say, a very big leap after all this,
you know, reification of the me through the management of attachment to then try to
dispense with it.
Yeah. Again, it's, unfortunately, it is somewhat paradoxical. I don't know if you remember
the story. It's at some point in waking up, I tell the story of the Asian tourist and I think it was Norway. Do you remember this story? I don't
want to bore people if you don't want to hear it. But for me, it's just the best metaphor I ever came
across for the kind of undercutting of the false premise here.
It's this, I think it was real.
I found this on the internet.
This is a purported to be a real story of an Asian tourist.
I think it was Norway.
It was on a tour bus.
And the bus stopped at a rest stop.
And everyone got off to enjoy the view and have a meal.
And the tourist for whatever reason changed her clothing at the rest stop,
and everyone got back on the bus. And at some point, someone stood up and said, oh,
there's somebody missing. There was this Asian woman who hasn't gotten back on the bus.
And because of language barriers and all the rest, the woman didn't recognize that she,
what had been said there. And she thought there was a missing tourist along with everyone,
the other people on the bus. And they formed a search party and they went looking for the missing tourist, and she joined the search party. And this went long into the night, and apparently,
you know, helicopters were being readied for a dawn patrol to find the missing tourist. And
at some point in the middle of the night, it was like, you know, three in the morning,
she recognized that everyone was looking for her, right?
She was the missing tourist.
And if you just could reflect on the logic of that, what that epiphany was like and what
it constituted, it did not constitute the fulfillment of the search. It's not like the missing tourist was ever found, or was ever missing.
There was a premise that was false and that just evaporated.
Something that was already the case was revealed.
No one was lost.
Everyone was accounted for. Everyone was present. It was not like the stated problem was revealed. There was no one was lost, right? Everyone was accounted for. Everyone was present.
It was not like the stated problem was solved. The problem really did evaporate.
And there's something about that kind of phase shift in a direction you didn't even know was
a possible direction. That does in some way capture the character of this insight, which is that,
in some way capture the character of this insight, which is that, you know, the place from which you thought you were going to solve the problem was not the angle of attack was
wrong, right? And inspecting it sufficiently revealed that it was palpably false, right?
Like again, I'm somewhat hamstrung by the words here, but there's something to reflect
on in that analogy. It really does do some work for me.
Yeah, I agree. It does work for me as well. And I look forward to getting further on this. You said
something in your description, which is to paraphrase that the consciousness that I have and that you
have is identical to the consciousness that the Buddha had. And I think I know what you meant in a very secular way.
You're saying, not that they are one in the same,
but that they were their identical but separate.
But there is certainly a more religious or spiritual version
of this line of thinking, which holds
that they are kind of one in the same,
that there's a unity or a sharedness to consciousness.
And obviously you're kind of famously irreligious.
So I wouldn't want to impute that to you.
But there are even I, who also am quite secular, find as I spend more time on this, that there's
a temptation to be sympathetic to this view of connection that this people use the
this idea. There's a falseness to this separate self notion. And of course, they could mean
within you, you create a false separate self from your own consciousness. But there's also,
again, this lovely adjacent idea that well, maybe I'm not even separate from everyone else that we share some
consciousness. Do you ever get kind of sympathetic to those spiritual notions or for you? It's,
you know, if you can't prove it, it's just simply not a compelling idea.
Yeah, well, I'm very sympathetic to it, but from the other side, I mean, there's kind of a,
what I would consider the false and quasi-religious and metaphysically aggressive approach to this
would be, and this is the kind of thing that I think is the kind of message you get from
somebody like Deepak Chopra.
This is a call back to Dan.
This is where we met at a debate with Deepak.
This is the kind of thing that Deepak and I would disagree about.
I mean, we might sound like we agree about a lot
with respect to meditation and it's importance
and even it's utility for bringing first person experience
into science.
But here's what I think is the wrong way to think about it,
which is where
the separate selves that feel separate from other people who also have their separate
selves, and we feel separate from the world, from the environment, from nature, and from
the cosmos.
And that's an illusion. And if you meditate enough, you can discover that there's really just one big thing and
you're it, right?
You can just, you can get transported from yours, you know, this separate vessel.
And you can merge with the totality.
And then you can recognize that you are the mind that gave rise to the cosmos.
And you are the consciousness that preceded the big bang and all of that, right?
So it's this picture of fullness and merging.
And in many cases, in many spiritual contexts, it's explicitly this notion that there really
is a separate self.
There's a soul.
You've got a soul, an eternal soul, very likely.
And like a water drop released from a rain cloud, it can merge with the ocean.
And so there's that picture of merging.
I don't think there's a basis.
There's no scientific basis to speak in those terms.
And I would say there's no contempl scientific basis to speak in those terms. And I would say there's
no contemplative basis to speak in those terms, although I would admit that there are experiences
you can have that seem to give credibility to that to some degree. I mean, like you can have
experiences with in meditation or on psychedelics that do have a, the character being transported out, like with respect to
one's body and mind, there can be this feeling of going elsewhere.
Whether you want to think about it as going elsewhere,
you're like, would there be like merging with the cosmos?
So you just want to think about it, the mind being much vaster than it normally seems to be.
And it just opens up to something that's beyond the self and the body.
Those experiences are there to be had and they can seem to have metaphysical implications.
I've always thought that we should be very slow to draw metaphysical implications from personal
experience no matter how profound and thrilling. I don't think you learn anything about cosmology
through meditation. If you don't know anything learn anything about cosmology through meditation.
If you don't know anything about quantum mechanics before you become a Buddha, I don't think you're going to know anything about quantum mechanics after you become a Buddha. I see no evidence
that the greatest meditators I've ever met knew much of anything about science by virtue of
having spent 20 years in a cave or doing their other practices. So I just think these are separate domains.
I mean, the truth is, non-dual awareness doesn't even tell you that you have a brain,
much less, that it's doing anything. Even that isn't obvious, right? It really doesn't
tell you about cosmology or the births of stars or anything, right? But there is this conceptual
insight and also an experiential one, which again comes at almost achieves the same thing
from the other side, which is when you think about what makes us separate, what is it that
makes me different from you guys? What's particular? But how is it that makes me different from you guys?
What's particular?
But how is it that I wake up each morning
and I experience my life and myself and my mind
and not you or not Matt's or Dan's?
We all have the same last name.
We should be pretty close to experiencing something similar.
But I get the same version.
You guys get
Matt and Dan and we never get confused. I never wake up feeling like I might be one of you guys.
Everything that makes us particular as minds and bodies and as the life streams, it's
among the appearances in consciousness. It's not consciousness itself. There's something deeply
impersonal about consciousness. To use the analogy of a film projector, right?
It's like you can put new films in the projector,
but consciousness really is just a light
by which those films are broadcast on the screen.
It doesn't have any intrinsic relationship
to the particulars of experience, right?
So that, which is aware of joy, is the same as that,
which is aware of anger or impatience or anything else. And that, which is aware of joy is the same as that which is aware of anger or impatience or
anything else. And that which is aware of your memory of your 12th birthday is the same as
that which is aware of my memory of my 12th birthday because there's only one way for anything to
appear by the light of consciousness. I'm sympathetic with the notion that consciousness is something like that, which is that there's no basis from which to differentiate
that in you which is noticing you at this moment from that in me, which is noticing me.
If you have a pain in your knee and I have a pain in my knee, there's no place in the universe other than where you are right now for that pain to be
appearing, the pain that's in your knee.
And so it is with the pain in my knees.
Very much like this coffee cup.
It's like the space in the coffee cup is completely continuous with space everywhere.
But there's no place for this coffee cup to express itself other than, you know, as it is here in this space, in the same
space that is everywhere. So, like, so consciousness is almost like subjective space. It's deeply
impersonal, and there's no basis from its point of view to differentiate any point of view
from any other point of view. It simply is the fact of having a point of view on the cosmos.
So in that sense, when you're just recognizing consciousness as it is, it's not the same thing
as merging and becoming a totality and getting access to more contents, right?
It's recognizing your identity subjectively with the principle in the universe that allows for subjective contents.
Consciousness is just the fact that it's like something to be what you are.
So if it's like something to be you, and it was like something to be the Buddha, 2500
years ago, and it's like something to be my cat, there's some identity to that.
But again, from a Buddha Buddhist side, you wouldn't want
to reify it, you wouldn't want to emphasize it's something, this. It's just the fact that
anything can appear subjectively at all.
So is there no aspect of Buddhism's metaphysical claims, for example, like rebirth, or much
more controversially, the idea that you can get enough concentration
and meditation to be able to manipulate the elements and have what are sometimes referred
to as superpowers.
I think I know where you stand on that, but is there no aspect of the metaphysical claims
of Buddhism that you have some sympathy for after all these years of meditations of meditation
or do you categorically reject anything that can't be
objectively proven?
It's not clear what consciousness is.
I mean, again, it's easy to be naively materialistic about all this, and I wouldn't want to do
that.
So it's very easy to think, well, consciousness is arising in the brain, and we know that,
and we know the
brain's just made a meat.
And so really, we're in a meat universe.
The universe is filled with meat and rocks and fire and forces like gravity.
What we're talking about now, consciousness experience, the feeling of being, anything
that could be ascribed to the mind side of the mind matter dichotomy,
all of that is arising on the basis of the physics of things.
And that may be true except the moment-to-moment truth of our being in the cosmos is of being
consciousness first. Right? We don't, like consciousness is the only thing that can't be an illusion, in my view.
And it's dependence on the brain.
It is quite plausible, but it's yet to be firmly established.
If it reaches down deeper into the physics of things, I would not be especially surprised.
I mean, I wouldn't quite know how to think about that, but it's totally possible.
And all of us are in this very weird circumstance.
We're all kind of in the matrix already
because all we have is, we impute a physical, non-conscious
world beyond our senses.
But all we have direct contact with is consciousness and its contents
in each moment.
So we're all brains and vats already.
We're all already philosophical thought experiments.
We don't have direct contact with the cosmos.
We're inferring the cosmos on the basis of what we do have direct contact with, which
is consciousness.
So any deflationary reduction of consciousness to the
physics of things can't be all that deflationary in the end because consciousness is always
first and foremost the thing that we're talking about, even if we're claiming to reduce
it. And there's no evidence of consciousness anywhere apart, so far apart from our direct
encounter with consciousness itself, as consciousness itself. There's no evidence of consciousness in the world, in brains, in other animals, in other people,
apart from the fact that we know consciousness directly in our own case, each of us.
And then we extrapolate from that and say, okay, well, it's only parsimonious to think that other
people are conscious too, right? And many animals are conscious too.
And then we then we run into the conundrum of how far down to push that phylogenetically,
you know, so, you know, is a cricket conscious?
I don't know, right?
At a certain point, your intuitions begin to get frustrated, but given how much we don't
understand consciousness and its place in things, House astonished would I be to know that death is not what it seems
and something continues somehow after death,
like you wake up into something else.
This is a kind of simulation in some other simulation.
It really wouldn't be surprised one way or the other.
There's nothing I think I know about science
or about the mind that would leave me astounded
if death wasn't what it seems. The IE, the end of everything. Again, actually, this kind of connects with what we were just talking about.
There's a one section in waking up where I talk about an essay written by this philosopher Tom Clark.
Really, there's no substitute for reading his essay, but he argued very much
based on the impersonality of consciousness that the birth of any conscious being, you know,
after your death is in some sense deeply analogous to your own rebirth. Given your identity as consciousness,
like your survival of death is more or less
assured as long as consciousness persists anywhere. And I know that's not satisfying from
the point of view of someone who feels like a self and who wants their self perpetuated,
you know, like that's the only continuity that would matter. But when you actually get
into the details of the argument, it's pretty interesting. There is, it's not clear that what you imagine as continuity in your own case is really
any different, impossible continuity in your own case.
It's really any different from anyone else's existing after you die.
So, anyway, I'll just leave that to the attention of anyone who wants to read it, but
the philosopher's Tom Clark and I'll give you the link you could put it in the show notes.
And as far as psychic power is, it's like my feeling, I'm totally open-minded on this topic.
I like, you know, I have to, to the consternation and horror of atheists everywhere.
I at one point said I was totally open-minded about sci-phenomenon and, you know, whether telepathy
is real, etc. But I'm also mindful of the fact that none of
these things have been demonstrated in a lab, and they would be the easiest thing to demonstrate.
That's the great scandal of our spiritual traditions, wherein people are rather sure that these
powers are available. This would be the easiest thing in the world to demonstrate.
You just could walk into a Harvard yard and an hour later, you could have... If you had these powers,
you could have demonstrated to the satisfaction of scientists everywhere. And so the dodge in every
spiritual tradition is that it would be somehow spiritually uncouth to demonstrate
these powers.
Right?
Like, it's just, you know, it's just too crass.
It's just not, this is not the way the saints and sages behave.
Although strangely, they use their powers for far more trivial things in all kinds of other
ways.
I mean, like, you hear the stories about Neem Corolli Baba or Deepama or anyone who students believe that their teacher had these powers. And it's
just the most cavalier use of miracles. Like, I mean, I think there's one story of Deepama
where like, they're all on a bus and there's some obstacle on the road, but they have to
get to where they're going. So she like physically, you know,
translocates the bus to some other road.
I mean, it's just, you know, as,
as preposterous as you could imagine,
but yet, but for the purpose not of saving the lives of,
of children or ending a war
or doing anything else of great importance,
is just to get these people, you know,
on their itinerary, youinerary while traveling in India.
Listen, if anyone has the power to really read minds or move objects without touching them,
et cetera, telekinesis, clairvoyance, telepathy, it would be profoundly compassionate to establish the reality of these powers and completely transform the worldview
of Western scientists everywhere by having done so.
In an afternoon, you could prove that there are more things in heaven and earth that are
dreamt of in our philosophy to the satisfaction of everyone.
I could set it up.
I mean, I could bring in the necessary skeptics. This experiment could be done. It would not be hard to do it. And it would be good for
the world if these powers exist. Right. So the fact that no one has done that, you know, it's
the dog that didn't bark that should give us a lot of skepticism about the reality of any of
these stories. And say, so that's where I am with it. I'm completely open-minded.
I would fund the experiment.
I would help run it.
I'd get Darren Brown in there
and every other magician who would backstop us against fraud.
I would do it next week.
So just show up.
You great yogis who have this sufficient concentration.
You've gone up and down the genres.
You've trained these powers.
Just come one, come all. I'll put you up in a four seasons in your desired city.
And we will get to the ground truth of this. And the fact that you're not doing that,
you yogis with your with the sonic powers, is not based on the impurity of the exercise,
because you could easily do this motivated by compassion
for a benignity humanity that does not know that karma is real or that all of these other things
are worth paying attention to. You would prove that the amount of faith in the project of meditation
that would follow upon a demonstration of these powers and a press release from Harvard, Yale, Princeton,
and Stanford that we now know this is real, a real capacity of the human mind.
It would be a sea change.
It would be all to the good, right?
If you think that's not the case, you know, that I can be forgiven for believing that
that's just a sign that you actually don't have the powers that everyone thinks you might
have. Well, that's a pretty good place to leave it.
Let me just say that it is really fun to have two of my absolute favorite human beings
on the planet together in this little digital room.
So thank you both for making the time.
Nice.
Well, happy to be here.
Thanks for letting me crash the party.
Yeah, nice to meet you, Matt.
Great to meet you, Sam. It's really thanks for indul me crash the party. Yeah, nice to meet you, Matt. Great to meet you, Sam.
It's really thanks for indulging on my questions.
I learned a lot.
And thanks, frankly, to you both for the work you've done.
Bringing this information to a lot of people
who really need it.
So this was awesome.
Nice to be continued.
Thank you to Sam Harris and to Matt Harris.
Fun to do that with both those guys.
Also you heard Matt and I talking about Sam's incredibly impressive meditation app called
Waking Up.
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is our director of podcasts,
finally Nick Thorburn of Islands, wrote our theme.
By the way, as I mentioned at the top of the show,
Sam has been on this show before,
if you wanna check out his previous episodes, go to the show notes.
If you like 10% happier, I hope you do.
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by filling out a short survey at Wondry.com slash survey.
Hi there, I'm Guy Ross.
And I'm Mindy Thomas.
Wait.
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Woo!
Wow in the world!
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Wow, now I kind of want to listen to the show, guys.
Woo-hoo-hoo!
Exactly.
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[♪ OUTRO MUSIC PLAYING [♪
Hey, everybody, it's Dan on 10% happier.
I like to teach listeners how to do life better.
Uh, I to try.
Oh hello Mr. Grinch. What would make you happier?
Ah, let's see.
And out of business sign at the North Pole.
Or a nationwide ban on caroling and noise, noise, noise.
What would really make me happy is if I didn't have to host a podcast.
That's right, I got a podcast too.
Hi, it's me, I got a podcast too.
Hi, it's me, the Grand Puba of Bahambad, the OG Green Grump, the Grinch. From Wondery, Tis the Grinch Holiday Talk Show is a pathetic attempt by the people of
O'Vill to use my situation as a teachable moment.
So join me, the Grinch, listen as I launch a campaign against Christmas cheer,
grilling celebrity guests, like chestnuts on an open fire.
Your family will love the show.
As you know, I'm famously great with kids.
Follow Tuesday Grinch Holiday Talk Show
on the Wondery app or wherever you get your podcasts.